| 1. |
- Bokma, Folmer, et al.
(författare)
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50 years of inordinate fondness
- 2014
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Ingår i: Systematic Biology. - : Oxford University Press. - 1063-5157 .- 1076-836X. ; 63:2, s. 251-256
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bokma, Folmer
(författare)
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Detection of "punctuated equilibrium" by Bayesian estimation of speciation and extinction rates, ancestral character states, and rates of anagenetic and cladogenetic evolution on a molecular phylogeny
- 2008
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Ingår i: Evolution. - : Wiley. - 0014-3820 .- 1558-5646. ; 62:11, s. 2718-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Speciation and extinction probabilities can be estimated from molecular phylogenies of extant species that are complete at the species level. Because only a fraction of published phylogenies is complete at the species level, methods have been developed to estimate speciation and extinction probabilities also from incomplete phylogenies. However, due to different estimation techniques, estimates from complete and incomplete phylogenies are difficult to compare statistically. Here I show with some examples how existing likelihood functions can be used to obtain Bayesian estimates of speciation and extinction probabilities, and how this approach is applied to both complete and incomplete phylogenies.
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| 4. |
- Bokma, Folmer
(författare)
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Evolution as a Largely Autonomous Process
- 2015
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Ingår i: Macroevolution. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319150444 - 9783319150451 ; , s. 87-112
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evolutionary theory has proven generally successful in predicting phenotypic changes over one or a few generations of natural or artificial selection, but fails to predict evolutionary dynamics over longer periods of time, which is a major shortcoming: At longer timescales, existing theory is largely concerned with a posteriori explanations and cannot even predict whether a population or species will adapt to environmental change, or go extinct. Based on a review of key literature from before Darwin to today, I argue that the reason for this shortcoming is that in the Modern Synthesis fitness is regarded as determined exclusively by how well traits are suited to the biotic and abiotic environment. I argue that much can be gained by explicitly considering that fitness has a significant intrinsic component, determined by how well different traits are adapted to each other. Due to adaptation of traits to each other, those traits that are important for the functioning of many other traits can vary only within narrow tolerance limits. Short-term selection experiments and year-to-year fluctuations in natural populations taking place within these tolerance limits give the appearance of rapid evolution. Yet the tolerance limits will prevent changes to accumulate over time, and hence, these traits evolve in a million years no more than they do in a decade. Only traits like coloration that have little influence on other traits can evolve freely, but that will rarely be sufficient to prevent extinction. Significant evolutionary departures require a reshuffling of the interactions between traits and will often coincide with speciation. Emerging from a complex system of interacting traits, the magnitude and direction of these changes will be largely independent of the factors that triggered them, rendering macroevolution a largely autonomous process.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Bokma, Folmer
(författare)
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Speciation and Patterns of Diversity
- 2010
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Ingår i: Systematic Biology. - : Oxford University Press. - 1063-5157 .- 1076-836X. ; 59:3, s. 365-367
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Recension (refereegranskat)
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| 7. |
- Bokma, Folmer, et al.
(författare)
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Testing for Deperet's Rule (Body Size Increase) in Mammals using Combined Extinct and Extant Data
- 2016
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Ingår i: Systematic Biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1063-5157 .- 1076-836X. ; 65:1, s. 98-108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whether or not evolutionary lineages in general show a tendency to increase in body size has often been discussed. This tendency has been dubbed "Cope's rule" but because Cope never hypothesized it, we suggest renaming it after Deperet, who formulated it clearly in 1907. Deperet's rule has traditionally been studied using fossil data, but more recently a number of studies have used present-day species. While several paleontological studies of Cenozoic placental mammals have found support for increasing body size, most studies of extant placentals have failed to detect such a trend. Here, we present a method to combine information from present-day species with fossil data in a Bayesian phylogenetic framework. We apply the method to body mass estimates of a large number of extant and extinct mammal species, and find strong support for Deperet's rule. The tendency for size increase appears to be driven not by evolution toward larger size in established species, but by processes related to the emergence of new species. Our analysis shows that complementary data from extant and extinct species can greatly improve inference of macroevolutionary processes.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Bokma, Folmer, et al.
(författare)
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Unexpectedly many extinct hominins
- 2012
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Ingår i: Evolution. - Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0014-3820 .- 1558-5646. ; 66:9, s. 2969-2974
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent studies indicate that Neanderthal and Denisova hominins may have been separate species, while debate continues on the status of Homo floresiensis. The decade-long debate between splitters, who recognize over 20 hominin species, and lumpers, who maintain that all these fossils belong to just a few lineages, illustrates that we do not know how many extinct hominin species to expect. Here, we present probability distributions for the number of speciation events and the number of contemporary species along a branch of a phylogeny. With estimates of hominin speciation and extincton rates, we then show that the expected total number of extinct hominin species is 8, but may be as high as 27. We also show that it is highly unlikely that three very recent species disappeared due to natural, background extinction. This may indicate that human-like remains are too easily considered distinct species. Otherwise, the evidence suggesting that Neanderthal and the Denisova hominin represent distinct species implies a recent wave of extinctions, ostensibly driven by the only survivor, H. sapiens.
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| 10. |
- Bokma, Folmer
(författare)
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Why do species go extinct?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Thule. - Umeå : Kungl. Skytteanska samfundet. - 9789186438470 ; , s. 61-74
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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