| 1. |
- Jauch, C., et al.
(författare)
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International Comparison of Requirements for Connection of Wind Turbines to Power Systems
- 2005
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Ingår i: Wind Energy. - : Wiley. - 1095-4244 .- 1099-1824. ; 8:3, s. 295-306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Power production from wind turbines has increased considerably during the lost decade. Therefore today's wind turbines, which are typically set up in wind farms, have a significant influence on the operation of power systems. The efficient and secure operation of power systems is supported by grid codes, which are sets of requirements for all network users (suppliers, customers, etc.). In Europe, several transmission network operators have introduced special grid connection requirements for wind farms. These requirements are mainly based on existing grid codes, initially written for conventional power plants usually equipped with synchronous generators. This article presents a comparison of grid connection requirements for wind farms issued, or proposed as a draft, by transmission network operators in Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Scotland and Ireland.
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| 2. |
- Karlsson, P G, et al.
(författare)
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Interfacial properties of the nanostructured dye-sensitized solid heterojunction TiO2/RuL2(NCS)(2)/CuI
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 120:23, s. 11224-11232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interfaces of the nanostructured dye-sensitized solid heterojunction TiO2/Ru-dye/CuI have been studied using photoelectron spectroscopy of core and valence levels, x-ray absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. A nanostructured anatase TiO2 film sensitized with RuL2(NCS)(2) [cis-bis(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)-bis(isothio-cyanato)-ruthenium(II)] was prepared in a controlled way using a novel combined in-situ and ex-situ (Ar atmosphere) method. Onto this film CuI was deposited in-situ. The formation of the dye-CuI interface and the changes brought upon the dye-TiO2 interface could be monitored in a stepwise fashion. A direct interaction between the dye NCS groups and the CuI is evident in the core level photoelectron spectra. Concerning the energy matching of the valence electronic levels, the photoelectron spectra indicate that the dye HOMO overlaps in energy with the Cu 3d-I 5p hydrid states. The CuI grow in the form of particles, which at the initial stages displace the dye molecules causing dye-TiO2 bond breaking. Consequently, the very efficient charge injection channel provided by the dye-TiO2 carboxylic bonding is directly affected for a substantial part of the dye molecules. This may be of importance for the functional properties of such a heterojunction. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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| 3. |
- Matevosyan, J., et al.
(författare)
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Technical Regulations for the Interconnection of Wind Power Plants to the Power System
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Wind Power in Power Systems. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 9780470974162 ; , s. 209-240
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter provides a brief discussion and analysis of the current status of interconnection regulations for wind turbines and wind turbines in Europe. The chapter starts with a short overview of the relevant technical regulation issues, which includes a brief description of the relevant interconnection regulations considered in this chapter. This is followed by a detailed comparison of the different interconnection regulations. The discussion also includes the capabilities of wind turbines to comply with these requirements. Finally, issues related to international interconnection practice are briefly discussed.
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| 4. |
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