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| 2. |
- Bondemark, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Is it expensive to be poor? Public transport in Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Transportation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-4488 .- 1572-9435. ; 48:5, s. 2709-2734
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the reasons to subsidise public transport is to improve the mobility of low-income groups by providing affordable public transport; however, the literature describes a situation whereby those with a low income are unable to afford the cheapest tickets per trip, i.e. travelcards, as they usually require a considerable up-front cost. In this study, we use a large dataset from the Swedish National Travel Survey to investigate whether, and if so how, income explains monthly travelcard possession among individuals for whom this would have been the least expensive option. We find a robust positive relationship between income and travelcard possession among low-income earners, indicating that those with a low income pay more to use public transport than more affluent individuals. As the accessibility of low-income groups is an important motivation for public transport subsidies, the findings from this study have important policy implications.
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| 3. |
- Bondemark, Anders, 1989-
(författare)
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The price we pay : essays on distribution and transport
- 2019
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis aims to provide knowledge that can be useful when designing or executing transport policy, specifically in relation to the concepts of fairness and distribution. What is considered fair varies among, and within individuals, even within the relatively narrow scope of the transport sector. Because what people perceive as fair varies with the item of distribution as well as among whom the distribution occurs, the distributional principles vary in different parts of the transport sector. While the transport sector does not exist in isolation from the rest of society, it does have three specific features which make it an important area of research. The Hrst feature is that the transport system is used to access amenities and opportunities in other sectors. The distribution in the transport system thus influences distributions in other sectors. The second feature is that the costs and benefits of the transport system are inherently unevenly distributed in space. This second feature does, to a certain extent, induce the uneven distributions of the amenities and opportunities. The third feature is that it is a sector that receives significant public investments and subsidies. The two papers in this thesis relate to these features and distribution in different ways.While both papers are inherently affected by the third feature, they study different phenomenon. Paper I sets out to improve the understanding of how individuals with low income use the transport system compared to those with higher income; specifically, whether they choose to purchase more expensive public transport tickets than their more affluent peers. Paper II aims to improve the understanding of how the transport sector (potentially) influences outcomes in other sectors by studying how accessibility explains food prices.
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| 4. |
- Alexandersson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Coopetition between commercial and subsidized railway services : The case of the greater Stockholm region
- 2018
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Ingår i: Research in Transportation Economics. - : Elsevier. - 1875-7979 .- 0739-8859. ; 69:SI, s. 349-359
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An important ingredient of the Swedish railway system is the increased involvement of public actors in the provision of local and regional railway services. The local and regional railway services show the strongest growth of all market segments in the Swedish passenger railway market. The strong growth is due both to changes in travel patterns and improved subsidized railway services. One important factor in the success of the regional public transport authorities’ (PTA) railway services is the redefinition of the scope of these railway services by interconnecting regional railway networks into bigger entities.In 2017, nearly all local and regional railway services in Sweden's most populated region, Mälardalen, became part of a network of railway services subsidized by the PTAs in the greater region. We analyse the cooperative and competitive interactions between the stakeholders in the greater region using the key concepts in the theory of hybrid organizations. We find that despite moving towards a unified public transport market covering many counties the hybrid organizations use different governance structures and have different principles for sharing value creation. The closer cooperation paradoxically enhances competition in the regional railway market, both between subsidized travel cards and between subsidized and commercial railway services.
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| 5. |
- Alexandersson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Neither market nor hierarchy : coordination costs in the allocation of track capacity in the Swedish railway network
- 2023
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Ingår i: Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 1370-4788 .- 1467-8292. ; 94:1, s. 221-239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transaction costs have been an issue since the advent of the deregulation of the European railway markets in the 1990s. Transaction cost economics received renewed attention in research on the deregulated railway markets in the EU after the publications of two influential reports in the early 2010s. In this article, we develop a model that enables classification and measurement of transaction costs and other coordination costs in deregulated markets. This model is then used to analyze the costs of path allocation in the Swedish railway sector and to compare the results with findings in previous research. We also discuss the economic rationale of the distribution of coordination costs among the involved parties. Our key empirical findings are that the total coordination costs in the Swedish market-mimicking path allocation process are as low as or lower than the most cost-efficient market coordination processes studied in railway markets, and that the state administrations take on nearly all the coordination costs in order to minimize the effects of opportunism, rent-seeking and information impactedness. Another finding is that the size of the coordination costs found by different studies seems to be dependent on whether a bottom-up or a top-down approach is used.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Jan, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Regeringsuppdrag synfält : utredning om förutsättningar för undantag från de medicinska kraven för individer med synfältsbortfall
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I regeringsuppdraget (I2021/ 02412) framgår att VTI, i samarbete med Trafikverket och Transportstyrelsen, ska utreda förutsättningarna för undantagshantering från de medicinska föreskrifterna med avseende på synfältsbortfall (B-körkort). Vidare ska tre aspekter beaktas: hur andra länder gör, konsekvenser för den enskilde samt samhällsekonomiska konsekvenser. Slutrapporten påvisar att Sverige med gällande rättsligt ramverk inte kan genomföra de förslag som slutrapporten föreslår. Det innebär att det kommer att krävas juridiska förändringar. Givet att dessa förändringar genomförs och att ett nytt förfaringssätt nyttjas visar slutrapporten på att a) positiva effekter för den enskilde individen uppstår, b) samhällsekonomiska vinster uppstår och c) en rättssäker och rättvis prövning är möjlig. Slutrapporten redovisar dessutom hur ett urval av andra länder har hanterat handläggningen av individer med synfältsbortfall givet samma EU-direktiv som Sverige regleras av. Det framgår också av undersökningen att samtliga länder, som en förutsättning för undantag från de föreskrivna kraven avseende synfält, tillämpar krav eller rekommendationer om att ett praktiskt körprov ska utgöra del i underlaget för bedömning av körförmågan. Kunskapsläget med avseende på körförmågebedömningar för individer med synfältsbortfall redovisas och där framgår med tydlighet att perimetrin som Sverige utnyttjar som underlag för återkallelse av körkort inte kan predicera individers körförmåga. Perimetrin är dock viktig eftersom individer med synfältsbortfall som grupp kan vara olämpliga förare. Slutsatsen som forskningslitteraturen enstämmigt lyfter är att det behövs förarprov (på väg eller i en simulator) för att kunna genomföra en valid bedömning. Slutligen innehåller slutrapporten vilka problem (aktiviteter) som kvarstår för att skapa en lämplig och kvalitetssäkrad process. Dessutom presenteras den kronologiska ordning på aktiviteter som behöver genomföras. Kronologin krävs eftersom resultatet av lämplig metod och aktör påverkar det vidare arbetet med avseende på utformning av körprov och rättsligt ramverk. Slutrapportens slutsats är att Sverige har möjligheten att genomföra en förändring med avsevärda nyttor. Detta eftersom de valda aktörerna och de valda metoderna existerar idag och därför endast behöver utvecklas i viss mån för att säkerställa att individer med synfältsbortfall erbjuds en kvalitetssäkrad, rättssäker och rättvis process som dessutom bedöms vara samhällsekonomiskt lönsam.
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| 7. |
- Bondemark, Anders, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Accessibility and uncertainty : An empirical analysis of option value in transport
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport and Land Use. - : Center for Transportation Studies at the University of Minnesota. - 1938-7849. ; 14:1, s. 463-477
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Are there option values for transport services? A few studies have tried to answer this question through various stated preference methods, but we do not know much about its magnitude in different contexts. In this paper, we summarize the theory on option value, present previous empirical work concerning transport, and discuss its links to accessibility. Accessibility can be seen as the end product of the transport system, and the argument we pursue is that option value is a component of accessibility. Therefore, estimations of the option value ought to be connected to the marginal accessibility change of an optional transport mode. The concept of substitutability has the potential to meet this criterion. It is the degree to which an alternative trip can replace an initially preferred trip, or, put differently, how accessibility at a location is composed. We conduct an empirical application to test whether the variation in housing transaction prices is associated with substitutability. We find that housing prices are higher where the accessibility is built up by several transport modes, given any level of total accessibility. We interpret this as households, on average, are willing to pay a risk premium to keep optional transport modes available.
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| 8. |
- Bondemark, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Accessibility and uncertainty : An empirical analysis of option value in transport
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Transport and Land Use. - 1938-7849. ; 14:1, s. 463-477
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Are there option values for transport services? A few studies have tried to answer this question through various stated preference methods, but we do not know much about its magnitude in different contexts. In this paper, we summarize the theory on option value, present previous empirical work concerning transport, and discuss its links to accessibility. Accessibility can be seen as the end product of the transport system, and the argument we pursue is that option value is a component of accessibility. Therefore, estimations of the option value ought to be connected to the marginal accessibility change of an optional transport mode. The concept of substitutability has the potential to meet this criterion. It is the degree to which an alternative trip can replace an initially preferred trip, or, put differently, how accessibility at a location is composed. We conduct an empirical application to test whether the variation in housing transaction prices is associated with substitutability. We find that housing prices are higher where the accessibility is built up by several transport modes, given any level of total accessibility. We interpret this as households, on average, are willing to pay a risk premium to keep optional transport modes available.
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| 9. |
- Bondemark, Anders, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers to spurring innovation in Swedish transport infrastructure construction
- 2024
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Ingår i: Case Studies on Transport Policy. - : Elsevier. - 2213-624X .- 2213-6258. ; 15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The construction industry is struggling with declining productivity. As Sweden’s largest public-sector purchaser of constructions services, the Swedish Transport Administration launched a programme aimed at increasing productivity. One important component of this programme was the introduction of design-build procurement to increase the leeway provided to contractors to identify innovative and efficient solutions. In this case study of the programme, which focuses on design-build contracts, we have conducted 27 interviews with Swedish Transport Administration project managers, contractors, and consultants to examine how successful the implementation of some of these measures has been and what hurdles they have encountered.
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| 10. |
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