| 1. |
- Lotze, Heike K., et al.
(författare)
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Global ensemble projections reveal trophic amplification of ocean biomass declines with climate change
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 116:26, s. 12907-12912
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While the physical dimensions of climate change are now routinely assessed through multimodel intercomparisons, projected impacts on the global ocean ecosystem generally rely on individual models with a specific set of assumptions. To address these single-model limitations, we present standardized ensemble projections from six global marine ecosystem models forced with two Earth system models and four emission scenarios with and without fishing. We derive average biomass trends and associated uncertainties across the marine food web. Without fishing, mean global animal biomass decreased by 5% (+/- 4% SD) under low emissions and 17% (+/- 11% SD) under high emissions by 2100, with an average 5% decline for every 1 degrees C of warming. Projected biomass declines were primarily driven by increasing temperature and decreasing primary production, and were more pronounced at higher trophic levels, a process known as trophic amplification. Fishing did not substantially alter the effects of climate change. Considerable regional variation featured strong biomass increases at high latitudes and decreases at middle to low latitudes, with good model agreement on the direction of change but variable magnitude. Uncertainties due to variations in marine ecosystem and Earth system models were similar. Ensemble projections performed well compared with empirical data, emphasizing the benefits of multimodel inference to project future outcomes. Our results indicate that global ocean animal biomass consistently declines with climate change, and that these impacts are amplified at higher trophic levels. Next steps for model development include dynamic scenarios of fishing, cumulative human impacts, and the effects of management measures on future ocean biomass trends.
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| 2. |
- Bakker, Albert, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction of aluminum(III) with water. An ab initio study
- 1999
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Ingår i: International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. - 0020-7608 .- 1097-461X. ; 75:4-5, s. 659-669
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrated Al(3+) ions [Al(H(2)O)(n)](3+), n = 1-6, were examined with ab Initio self-consistent field (SCF) calculations. The relative contributions of two-, three-, and higher-body terms to the total interaction energy for an [Al(H(2)O)(6)](3+) complex were calculated The sum of all three-body contributions amounts to - 30% of the sum of all pair-additive contributions and is opposite in sign. The three-body energy contributions were also derived for two types of [Al(H(2)O)(2)](3+) complexes. in the first type, both water molecules reside in the first hydration shell of Al(3+) and in the second type there is one in the first shell and one in the second. Altogether 15,500 triplets were investigated and analytical two- and three-body potential energy functions were derived via a fitting procedure. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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| 3. |
- Hu, Shuanglin, et al.
(författare)
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Formic Acid on TiO2-x (110) : Dissociation, Motion, and Vacancy Healing
- 2014
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 118:27, s. 14876-14887
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The adsorption and dissociation of a formic acid molecule (HCOOH) on a partially reduced rutile TiO2-x (110) surface and the subsequent transformations of the adsorbed fragments are studied via quantum-mechanical molecular dynamics simulations and climbing-image nudged elastic band (CI-NEB) calculations. The electronic structure methods used are self-consistent-charge density functional tight binding (SCC-DFTB) and DFT+U calculations. We address the apparent lack of consensus in the literature regarding the formic acid adsorbate species that heal the O vacancies, where different experiments have suggested the occurrence of one, two, or no such species types. From our calculations, we propose that the formic acid molecule quickly dissociates on the surface into a formate ion and a proton. If no mechanism exists by which the dissociation products can migrate away from each other, three formate species will coexist on the partially reduced TiO2 surface: one majority species bound to the Ti rows and two minority species healing the O vacancies. However, if such a diffusion mechanism does exist, our barrier calculations show that one of the minority species will transform into the other, and only two adsorbate types can be expected on the surface. We also identify a new adsorbate configuration (which we denote C'), where the formate is located on the row of two-coordinated oxygen atoms, healing an O vacancy and accepting an H-bond from the detached H atom.
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| 4. |
- Kersti, Hermansson, et al.
(författare)
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The vibrating hydroxide ion in water
- 2011
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Ingår i: Chemical Physics Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2614 .- 1873-4448. ; 514:1-3, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The OH− ion in water is studied using a CPMD/BLYP + QMelectronic + QMvibrational approach. The ion resides in a cage of water molecules, which are H-bonded among each other, and pinned by H-bonding to the ion’s O atom. The water network keeps the ‘on-top’ water in place, despite the fact that this particular ion-water pair interaction is non-binding. The calculated OH− vibrational peak maximum is at ∼3645 cm−1 (experiment ∼3625 cm−1) and the shift with respect to the gas-phase is ∼ +90 cm−1 (experiment +70 cm−1). The waters molecules on each side of the ion (O and H) induce a substantial OH− vibrational blueshift, but the net effect is much smaller than the sum. A parabolic ‘frequency-field’ relation qualitatively explains this non-additivity. The calculated ‘in-liquid’ ν(OH−) anharmonicity is 85 cm−1.
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| 5. |
- Mitev, Pavlin D., et al.
(författare)
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Different structures give similar vibrational spectra : The case of OH- in aqueous solution
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 138:6, s. 064503-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have calculated the anharmonic OH-(aq) vibrational spectrum in aqueous solution with a "classical Monte Carlo simulation + QM/MM + vibrational" sequential approach. A new interaction model was used in the Monte Carlo simulations: a modified version of the charged-ring hydroxide-water model from the literature. This spectrum is compared with experiment and with a spectrum based on CPMD-generated structures, and the hydration structures and H-bonding for the two models are compared. We find that: (i) the solvent-induced frequency shift as well as the absolute OH- frequency are in good agreement with experiment using the two models; (ii) the Raman and IR bands are very similar, in agreement with experiment; (iii) the hydration structure and H-bonding around the ion are very different with the two ion-water interaction models (charged-ring and CPMD); (iv) a cancellation effect between different regions of the hydration shell makes the total spectra similar for the two interaction models, although their hydration structures are different; (v) the net OH- frequency shift is a blueshift of about + 80 cm(-1) with respect to frequency of the gas-phase ion.
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