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- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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| 2. |
- Bendtz, Katarina, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Individual Differences in Indirect Speech Act Processing Found Outside the Language Network
- 2022
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Ingår i: Neurobiology of Language. - : MIT Press - Journals. - 2641-4368. ; 3:2, s. 287-317
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Face-to-face communication requires skills that go beyond core language abilities. In dialogue, we routinely make inferences beyond the literal meaning of utterances and distinguish between different speech acts based on, e.g., contextual cues. It is, however, not known whether such communicative skills potentially overlap with core language skills or other capacities, such as theory of mind (ToM). In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study we investigate these questions by capitalizing on individual variation in pragmatic skills in the general population. Based on behavioral data from 199 participants, we selected participants with higher vs. lower pragmatic skills for the fMRI study (N = 57). In the scanner, participants listened to dialogues including a direct or an indirect target utterance. The paradigm allowed participants at the whole group level to (passively) distinguish indirect from direct speech acts, as evidenced by a robust activity difference between these speech acts in an extended language network including ToM areas. Individual differences in pragmatic skills modulated activation in two additional regions outside the core language regions (one cluster in the left lateral parietal cortex and intraparietal sulcus and one in the precuneus). The behavioral results indicate segregation of pragmatic skill from core language and ToM. In conclusion, contextualized and multimodal communication requires a set of interrelated pragmatic processes that are neurocognitively segregated: (1) from core language and (2) partly from ToM.
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| 3. |
- Pelikan, Elisabeth R., et al.
(författare)
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Distance learning in higher education during COVID-19 : The role of basic psychological needs and intrinsic motivation for persistence and procrastination-a multi-country study
- 2021
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PLOS. - 1932-6203. ; 16:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, higher educational institutions worldwide switched to emergency distance learning in early 2020. The less structured environment of distance learning forced students to regulate their learning and motivation more independently. According to self-determination theory (SDT), satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence and social relatedness affects intrinsic motivation, which in turn relates to more active or passive learning behavior. As the social context plays a major role for basic need satisfaction, distance learning may impair basic need satisfaction and thus intrinsic motivation and learning behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between basic need satisfaction and procrastination and persistence in the context of emergency distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in a cross-sectional study. We also investigated the mediating role of intrinsic motivation in this relationship. Furthermore, to test the universal importance of SDT for intrinsic motivation and learning behavior under these circumstances in different countries, we collected data in Europe, Asia and North America. A total of N = 15,462 participants from Albania, Austria, China, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Kosovo, Lithuania, Poland, Malta, North Macedonia, Romania, Sweden, and the US answered questions regarding perceived competence, autonomy, social relatedness, intrinsic motivation, procrastination, persistence, and sociodemographic background. Our results support SDT's claim of universality regarding the relation between basic psychological need fulfilment, intrinsic motivation, procrastination, and persistence. However, whereas perceived competence had the highest direct effect on procrastination and persistence, social relatedness was mainly influential via intrinsic motivation.
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| 4. |
- Alexandrov, Ludmil B., et al.
(författare)
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Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 500:7463, s. 415-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- All cancers are caused by somatic mutations; however, understanding of the biological processes generating these mutations is limited. The catalogue of somatic mutations from a cancer genome bears the signatures of the mutational processes that have been operative. Here we analysed 4,938,362 mutations from 7,042 cancers and extracted more than 20 distinct mutational signatures. Some are present in many cancer types, notably a signature attributed to the APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases, whereas others are confined to a single cancer class. Certain signatures are associated with age of the patient at cancer diagnosis, known mutagenic exposures or defects in DNA maintenance, but many are of cryptic origin. In addition to these genome-wide mutational signatures, hypermutation localized to small genomic regions, 'kataegis', is found in many cancer types. The results reveal the diversity of mutational processes underlying the development of cancer, with potential implications for understanding of cancer aetiology, prevention and therapy.
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| 5. |
- Aoude, Lauren G, et al.
(författare)
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Nonsense Mutations in the Shelterin Complex Genes ACD and TERF2IP in Familial Melanoma.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2105 .- 0027-8874. ; 107:2, s. 408-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The shelterin complex protects chromosomal ends by regulating how the telomerase complex interacts with telomeres. Following the recent finding in familial melanoma of inactivating germline mutations in POT1, encoding a member of the shelterin complex, we searched for mutations in the other five components of the shelterin complex in melanoma families.
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| 8. |
- Borg, Agneta Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative floral development and structure of the black mangrove genus Avicennia L. and related taxa in the Acanthaceae
- 2011
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Ingår i: International journal of plant sciences. - : University of Chicago Press. - 1058-5893 .- 1537-5315. ; 172:3, s. 330-344
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phylogenetic relationships of Avicennia have been difficult to trace because of the presence of convergent characters related to the mangrove environment. Recent molecular data suggest a close relationship to Thunbergioideae, a subfamily within Acanthaceae (Lamiales), but morphological support for the new findings has been equivocal. Floral structure and development are comparatively studied here in three species of Avicennia, with special attention given to the ovary and the ovules, which are also studied in Thunbergioideae. The suggested sister group relationship of Avicennia and Thunbergioideae is supported by three synapomorphies: (1) collateral ovule arrangement, (2) vertical orientation of ovule curvature, and (3) an exposed nucellus that is contiguous with the ovary wall, at least during early stages of ovule development. We interpret the latter character as a neotenic feature that is retained in the anthetic ovules of Avicennia. We confirm that the apparently tetramerous flowers of Avicennia have a basically pentamerous floral ground plan. Additional floral characters shared between Avicennia and Thunbergioideae include left contort corolla aestivation, thickened filament bases with glandular hairs, presence of pollen sac placentoids, and various aspects of fruit morphology and embryology. However, these features are either symplesiomorphic or are not known well enough to allow for unequivocal conclusion on character evolution in Acanthaceae.
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| 9. |
- Borg, Agneta Julia, 1978-
(författare)
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Evolutionary relationships in Thunbergioideae and other early branching lineages of Acanthaceae
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Acanthaceae as circumscribed today consists of the three subfamilies Acanthoideae (Acanthaceae sensu stricto), Thunbergioideae and Nelsoniodieae, plus the genus Avicennia. Due to the morphological dissimilarities of Thunbergioideae and Nelsonioideae, the delimitation of the family has been controversial. The mangrove genus Avicennia was only recently associated with Acanthaceae for the first time, based on molecular evidence, but without morphological support. In this thesis, phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences were used to test the monophyly and exact positions of Thunbergioideae and Nelsonioideae, and to infer detailed phylogenetic relationships within these subfamilies and among major lineages of Acanthaceae. Floral structure and development were comparatively studied in Avicennia and other Acanthaceae using scanning electron microscopy and stereo microscopy. Phylogenetic analyses strongly support monophyly of Thunbergioideae and Nelsonioideae, and place the latter clade with strong support as sister to all other plants treated as Acanthaceae. Thunbergioideae and Avicennia are moderately supported as sister taxa, and together they are sister to Acanthoideae. The general morphology of Avicennia can be easily accommodated in the Acanthaceae, and three synapomorphies support the suggested sister group relationship of Avicennia and Thunbergioideae: (1) collateral ovule arrangement, (2) vertical orientation of ovule curvature, and (3) an exposed nucellus that is contiguous with the ovary wall. Within Thunbergioideae and Nelsonioideae, support values for major lineages are generally high. With some exceptions, the constituent genera are supported as monophyletic. Evolutionary relationships among and within genera are discussed in a morphological and biogeographical context.
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