| 1. |
- Boström, Marja L., et al.
(författare)
-
A specific, highly enriching and "green" method for hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction of ionizable pharmaceuticals from fish tissue
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Analytical Methods. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1759-9660. ; 6:15, s. 6031-6037
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ionizable pharmaceuticals are a class of emerging contaminants that pose a challenge to analytical chemistry due to their low environmental concentrations. To measure such low concentrations in organism tissue, e.g. fish muscle, specific extraction techniques minimizing co-extraction and interference alongside providing high enrichment of the compounds are needed. In this study we present a technique using hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction which is selective and highly enriching due to a pH gradient across a selective membrane, trapping ions in the extract. Microextraction minimizes the use of organic solvents, thereby making the technique "green". We used high volume pharmaceuticals for method development, specifically, the weak acids ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac and ibuprofen, and the weak bases fluoxetine and sertraline. Lyophilized tissue extraction gave higher enrichment than fresh tissue extraction and concentration enrichment factors ranged from 1900 to 3000 times. Method detection limits with the analysis instruments used in this study were for ketoprofen, 0.23 ng g(-1) fish tissue; naproxen, 0.32 ng g(-1) fish tissue; diclofenac, 0.12 ng g(-1) fish tissue; ibuprofen, 0.34 ng g-1 fish tissue; fluoxetine, 13 ng g-1. fish tissue and sertraline, 23 ng g(-1) fish tissue. All analytes were successfully detected in tissue from fish exposed live via spiked water. The resulting extraction parameters shown in this study suggest the developed technique to be a useful work up method for extensive environmental data collection as well as for toxicokinetic studies.
|
|
| 2. |
- Boström, Marja L., et al.
(författare)
-
Bioaccumulation and Trophodynamics of the Antidepressants Sertraline and Fluoxetine in Laboratory-Constructed, 3-Level Aquatic Food Chains
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0730-7268 .- 1552-8618. ; 36:4, s. 1029-1037
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although reports of pharmaceutical bioconcentration in aquatic organisms are increasing, less is known about trophic transfer in aquatic food webs. The bioaccumulation and trophodynamics of sertraline and fluoxetine, 2 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) frequently detected in aquatic environments, were tested by exposing constructed aquatic food chains to SSRIs under controlled laboratory conditions. Both of these ionizable, weak base pharmaceuticals showed lower bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) with increasing trophic level (i.e., no biomagnifications) in 2 3-level food chains (Acer platanoides, fed to Asellus aquaticus, in turn fed to Notonecta glauca or Pungitius pungitius). Mean sertraline BAFs in A. platanoides, A. aquaticus, N. glauca, and P. pungitus were 2200L/kg, 360L/kg, 26L/kg, and 49L/kg, respectively, and mean fluoxetine BAFs 1300L/kg, 110L/kg, 11L/kg, and 41L/kg, respectively. The weak influence of diet was further demonstrated by measured BAFs being equal to or lower than measured bioconcentration factors (BCFs). Organism lipid content was not positively correlated with BAFs, suggesting that other processes are driving interspecific differences in SSRI bioaccumulation. The empirically derived parameter values were introduced into a proposed bioaccumulation model, and a poor correlation was found between modeled and empirical BAFs (predicted r(2)=-0.63). In conclusion, the apparent lack of biomagnification of these ionizable pharmaceuticals suggests that environmental concern should not necessarily focus only on higher trophic levels, but also on species showing high BCFs at any trophic level.
|
|
| 3. |
- Boström, Marja L., et al.
(författare)
-
Influence of pH-dependent aquatic toxicity of ionizable pharmaceuticals on risk assessments over environmental pH ranges.
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Water Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2448 .- 0043-1354. ; 72:Online 6 September 2014, s. 154-161
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to variation in pH, ionizable pharmaceuticals entering aquatic environments experience different degrees of ionization, which may affect toxicity. Using data from toxicity testing at only neutral pH may potentially under- or overestimate actual toxicity at pH ranges found in natural aquatic environments. Here we show relative pH-dependent acute toxicity to Daphnia magna for the pharmaceutical weak bases fluoxetine and sertraline, as well as the weak acids naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen and ketoprofen. A probabilistic modelling approach using the pH-dependent toxicity data for D. magna and an environmental pH distribution based on over 4000 European running waters from 21 countries predicted that environmental toxicity for the weak bases may be underestimated if pH 7 was assumed. The model predicted median underestimation by a factor of 3, with 90% of the model results ranging from 1 to 6. Consequently, due to the slightly basic nature of the European running waters, weak acid toxicity may be overestimated by a factor of 2. Predicted median toxicity was 0.5 of that assuming pH 7 with 90% of the results ranging from 0.03 to 5. Because aquatic pH exhibits large variation both within and between countries, we advise the use of site-specific risk assessments for ionizable pharmaceuticals in making informed water management decisions.
|
|
| 4. |
- Boström, Marja L.
(författare)
-
Uptake and bioaccumulation of ionizable pharmaceuticals in aquatic organisms
- 2019
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pharmaceuticals are found at low concentrations (ng/L) in aquatic environments but bioaccumulation may result in aquatic organisms reaching internal effect levels (µg/L). Environmental hazard assessments include standardized bioaccumulation tests but contrary to the model substances around which the frameworks are built most pharmaceuticals are designed to mimic endogenic chemicals, ionizable, and less lipophilic. Hence, if using the same frameworks one may over- or underestimate hazard. I used the serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) fluoxetine and sertraline, both weak bases, and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac and ibuprofen, all four weak acids to evaluate possible over- or underestimation in hazard assessments. Also, to quantify the pharmaceuticals in organism tissue I developed a hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) method. The enrichment factor was high, 1900-3000 times, thus, the method is applicable for quantification at environmentally relevant concentrations. Misestimation of predicted pharmaceutical bioaccumulation may be due to: pH-dependent uptake. Degree of uncharged molecule uptake is greater than for ions and water pHs decreasing ionization will increase bioaccumulation and, thereby, also toxicity. Environmental pH typically ranges between 6 and 9 but hazard assessments are usually performed using toxicity data determined at one pH only. Using data from Daphnia magna toxicity testing at pH 7 and a pH distribution data set with over 4000 European running waters, I took a probabilistic modelling approach to study misestimations of hazard. European waters are often slightly basic and the model predicted underestimation by a median factor of 3 for the bases (90% of the results ranging from 1 to 6) and overestimation by a factor of 2 for acids (90% of the results ranging from 0.03 to 5). Because aquatic pH exhibited large variation both within and between countries, I advise the use of site-specific risk assessments for ionizable pharmaceuticals when making water management decisions. Organisms adapting to living in chronically polluted waters by reducing bioaccumulation. I compared fluoxetine bioaccumulation in a fish population (Rutilus rutilus) residing in a by wastewater polluted environment to a population living upstream the polluted site. Bioaccumulation in fish from the polluted site was 10% lower than in fish upstream, and this still remained after exposing detoxified fish. This indicates adaptation and because it was not temporary, suggests alterations on a heritable genetic level. Consideration of the influence of pollution history on bioconcentration in hazard assessments could be called for, as identical experimental and environmental external exposure concentrations may result in different internal exposure. The standardized hazard assessment test species not being the ones bioaccumulating the most. Dietary transfer is an important route of uptake for the early model substances and may result in trophic accumulation, but published data are inconclusive concerning such importance for pharmaceuticals. To study possible trophic transfer, I exposed two three-level aquatic food chains (leaf detritus, Acer platanoides; fed to Asellus aquaticus; in turn fed to Notonecta glauca or Pungitius pungitius) to the SSRIs. Bioaccumulation was 20-50% lower at higher trophic levels, indicating that dietary transfer is not of importance for internal concentrations. Organisms at low trophic levels had the highest internal concentrations, suggesting importance for their inclusion in hazard assessments. My results conclude that to make informed water management decisions site specific conditions such as pH and history of pollution need to be considered if not to over- or underestimate hazard. Also, standardized bioaccumulation test species may not be the ones reaching the highest internal concentrations in the wild and hazard may, consequently, become underestimate.
|
|
| 5. |
- Jönsson, K. Ingemar, et al.
(författare)
-
Environmental compensation as a policy tool in Swedish municipal planning
- 2019
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the struggle to reach the national environmental policy objectives, environmental compensation has emerged as a possible policy tool that may contribute to achieving the objectives. In Sweden, environmental compensation is legally mandated mainly in cases of exploitation within Natura 2000 areas and nature reserves, which is handled through the Swedish Environmental Code. In contrast, regulatory support is weak when it comes to compensation for impacts arising from municipal development (e.g., housing, schools, hospitals, local roads, etc), even though detailed development planning is required through the Planning and Building Act. Despite this, some municipalities have voluntarily mainstreamed environmental compensation into their planning processes. In the research project ”MuniComp” (2018-2020) we investigate the more progressive use of environmental compensation in planning in two Southern Swedish municipalities, Lomma and Helsingborg (in the province of Skåne). We analyze the models and processes of compensation used, and planning cases where compensation have been applied, in terms of general aspects and criteria for environmental compensation and in light of the constraints of the Swedish legislative context. In the presentation, the compensation models and some of the results from the compensation cases will be presented.
|
|
