| 1. |
- Birksjö, David, et al.
(författare)
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The Swedish Innovation Paradox Revisited : A Discussion about Measurement Problems
- 2012
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Ingår i: Entrepreneurship and innovation networks. - Trollhättan : University West. - 9789197794343 ; , s. 95-110
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The literature in the field of innovation lacks clear definitions of how to classify different types of innovations and how they are operationalized and measured. This can create problems when innovation policies are developed.Recent responses to the Swedish paradox (Granberg and Jacobsson, 2006; McKelvey et al. 2007) – where investments in knowledge and R&D not in a corresponding manner contributes to innovations and economic growth – states that measurement problems may be the answer to the existence of this paradox. Innovations are often measured by number of patents, patent citations and R&D expenditures.In this paper we primarily focus on the number of patent applications as proxy for innovation to provide better information for decision making and research.The study consists of two empirical parts. One focusing on data covering the Swedish security industry and data on patents applications. The other part is a qualitative study where managers are interviewed about innovativeness within their company. This allows us to find innovations that are not showing in the patent data.Our study showed that major innovations were often introduced from other industries – implemented by large dominating companies – and they were seldom patented. Our quantitative data indicates a lower level of innovation that arguably could be assumed to be the case judging from our qualitative data which includes a number of unpatented innovations. Notwithstanding considerable measurement problems, it seems that the Swedish security industry is characterised by high growth in terms of number of firms but a relatively modest amount of patented innovations. Major innovations have rather come from other industries, or have not been patented and therefore they are not captured in statistics when using patent as a proxy for innovation. This study provides empirics from the Swedish security industry that indicates these claims.With this paper we want to provide a basis for discussion about the use of patent statistics as an indicator of innovation. We also suggest that the usage of patents as a proxy for innovations need to be further discussed and elaborated.
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| 2. |
- Bergström, Christel A. S., et al.
(författare)
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Early pharmaceutical profiling to predict oral drug absorption : Current status and unmet needs
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0928-0987 .- 1879-0720. ; 57, s. 173-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Preformulation measurements are used to estimate the fraction absorbed in vivo for orally administered compounds and thereby allow an early evaluation of the need for enabling formulations. As part of the Oral Biopharmaceutical Tools (OrBiTo) project, this review provides a summary of the pharmaceutical profiling methods available, with focus on in silica and in vitro models typically used to forecast active pharmaceutical ingredient's (APIs) in vivo performance after oral administration. An overview of the composition of human, animal and simulated gastrointestinal (GI) fluids is provided and state-of-the art methodologies to study API properties impacting on oral absorption are reviewed. Assays performed during early development, i.e. physicochemical characterization, dissolution profiles under physiological conditions, permeability assays and the impact of excipients on these properties are discussed in detail and future demands on pharmaceutical profiling are identified. It is expected that innovative computational and experimental methods that better describe molecular processes involved in vivo during dissolution and absorption of APIs will be developed in the OrBiTo. These methods will provide early insights into successful pathways (medicinal chemistry or formulation strategy) and are anticipated to increase the number of new APIs with good oral absorption being discovered. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Bergström, Christel, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Biorelevant intrinsic dissolution profiling in early drug development : Fundamental, methodological, and industrial aspects
- 2019
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Ingår i: European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics. - : Elsevier. - 0939-6411 .- 1873-3441. ; 139, s. 101-114
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) is the surface specific dissolution rate of a drug. In early drug development, this property (among other parameters) is measured in order to compare different polymorphs and salt forms, guide formulation decisions, and to provide a quality marker of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) during production. In this review, an update on different methods and small-scale techniques that have recently evolved for determination of IDR is provided. The importance of biorelevant media and the hydrodynamic conditions of dissolution are also discussed. Different preparation techniques for samples are presented with a focus on disc, particle- and crystal-based methods. A number of small-scale techniques are then described in detail, and their applicability domains are identified. Finally, an updated industrial perspective is provided about IDR's place in the early drug development process.
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| 4. |
- Birksjö, David
(författare)
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Innovative Security Business : Innovation, Standardization, and Industry Dynamics in the Swedish Security Sector, 1992–2012
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of this dissertation is to generate new knowledge on innovation output and standardization in industries where innovation output typically is considered sparse. This is done through the longitudinal study of the Swedish security guard industry and security sector 1992-2012. Several longitudinal databases have been constructed across the two studied decades. These include three different databases on innovations in the security guard industry and the security sector, one on standardization of security products and services, and a database that describes industry structure and development. In contrast to much previous research, and in line with recent calls for multiple innovation indicators, this approach enables the addressing of innovation through the lens of several longitudinal innovation indicators and from different perspectives. It also allows for analysis of the relationship between innovation and standardization, which often have played a peripheral role in previous innovation studies. The main findings show that innovation has played an important role in the industry and the sector as a whole. Essential characteristics of innovation in the studied industry/sector, 1992-2012, have corresponded – to varying degrees – to established ‘stylized facts’ in the literature on industry patterns of innovation output. The importance of multiple indicators is particularly apparent when addressing temporal patterns of innovation output in the present study. Different approaches to measuring innovation output showed distinctly different temporal patterns of innovation, bearing different implications on the relationship between innovation output and industry development and dynamics. Moreover, standardization is explored from complementing perspectives: i) as diffusion of innovation; ii) as organizational and marketing innovation, and iii) as an industry-specific indicator of innovation output. Fundamental questions regarding innovation output are thereby addressed, such as how innovation research addresses and captures innovations after market introduction, along with discussions on what constitutes ‘innovativeness’ in terms of newness and commercial application. The dissertation contributes to and challenges conventional knowledge on industry patterns of innovation output and the role of innovation in service industries, mature industries, and low-tech industries. It also contributes to the literature on the relationship between innovation and standardization, and to the methodological discussion on innovation indicators.
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| 5. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Bankruptcies in Sweden, 1774–1849 : Causes and structural differences
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: Luxury, Fashion and the Early Modern Idea of Credit. - London : Routledge. - 9780367332693 - 9780429318979 ; , s. 62-75
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1771, the first Swedish academic thesis on bankruptcy and insolvency was defended by Carl Bergström at Uppsala University. In this and other contemporary Swedish publications on the topic, shortcomings in the debtor’s character including gambling, dishonesty, fraudulent behaviour and a disposition for speculation were mentioned as major causes for bankruptcies. The idea that a debtor also was a swindler, and should be severely punished, was spread by Italian merchants to, above all, France, Spain, England and Germany. The moralising causal explanation for bankruptcy can be questioned from a social science research perspective. Based on modern literature, we can see many reasons for why a trader, shopkeeper or an artisan had to file for bankruptcy. An economic shock is an event that occurs outside of an economy and produces significant change within an economy.
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| 6. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Destructive entrepreneurship in the small business sector : bankruptcy fraud in Sweden, 1830–2010
- 2020
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 54, s. 437-457
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Entrepreneurship will not always productive: Baumol (1990, 1993) distinguishes between productive, unproductive, and destructive entrepreneurial activities, and in the last two cases, new values are not created. Setting of from the notion of destructive entrepreneurship and the bankruptcy institute as framework for the empirical analysis, we use long aggregate series on bankruptcies and bankruptcy frauds in Sweden, 1830–2010. We operationalize destructive entrepreneurship with bankruptcy frauds. The bankruptcy institute is not a pure cleansing mechanism; assets can be redistributed by criminal procedure. Thus, a form of destructive entrepreneurship can be conducted within this system. We link bankruptcy frauds to the selection mechanism—the aggregate bankruptcy volume—over time. We cannot establish any direct linkages between the bankruptcy volume and institutional changes. However, and in line with research on bankruptcy diffusion and diffusion of economic crimes, we find that bankruptcy frauds have significant, positive impacts on the bankruptcy volume. Therefore, our results indicate that increases in bankruptcy frauds, destructive entrepreneurship, would affect the economic system. © 2018 The Author(s)
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| 7. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Företagsnedläggningar : Olika perspektiv och forskningsmetoder
- 2018
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Ingår i: Insolvensrättslig tidskrift. - : Föreningen Insolvensrättslig Tidskrift. - 2002-3014 .- 2002-6315. ; 3:1, s. 12-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Uppsatsen redogör för förklaringar till företagsdödlighet i såväl offentliga utredningar som inom ekonomisk och sociologisk forskning och teoribildning. Två fundamentalt olika föreställningar om hur och varför företag beter sig på ett visst sätt har dominerat de flesta studier. Ett perspektiv förutsätter en central roll för företagsledningens beslutsfattande och kompetens. Ett andra och motsatt perspektiv ser företags beteenden bestämda av externa krafter över vilka företagsledningen saknar kontroll. De olika föreställningarna påverkar resultat och slutsatser inom forskningen och har också betydelse för utformningen av den ekonomiska politiken.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Konkurs och konjunktur i Sverige 1830-2010
- 2016
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Ingår i: Insolvensrättslig tidskrift. - : Föreningen Insolvensrättslig Tidskrift. - 2002-3014 .- 2002-6315. ; :1, s. 20-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ekonomer betraktar vanligtvis konkursutvecklingen som en konjunkturindikator och därmed beroende av förändringar på ekonomins efterfrågesida: konkurserna förväntas öka i tider av ekonomisk nedgång och minska under högkonjunkturer. Flertalet analyser är emellertid kortsiktiga. I denna uppsats presenterar vi ny och unik empiri där vi analyserar det långsiktiga sambandet mellan konjunkturväxlingar och konkurser i Sverige mellan år 1830 och år 2010. I uppsatsen diskuteras också problem som kan uppstå i tolkningen av konkursstatistiken, både historiskt och i vår samtid. Den statistiska analysen visar att det delvis går att fastställa ett samband mellan makroekonomiska svängningar och förändringar i konkursmängden.
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| 10. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in Sweden, 1850–2000
- 2016. - 1
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Ingår i: Contemporary Entrepreneurship. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319281322 - 9783319281346 ; , s. 31-49
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent developments in entrepreneurship suggest a causal link between entrepreneurial activity and economic growth: entrepreneurship precedes economic growth. A positive effect from entrepreneurship on economic development in advanced, innovation-driven economies in the most recent decades is often maintained. Self-employment is one of the most common indicators of entrepreneurship. The present study uses very long series of non-interrupted data on self-employment in Sweden (1850–2000). It analyzes the relationship between variations in self-employment and economic growth. For the entire period, variations in self-employment had a significant, instantaneous positive correlation with GDP growth. However, no causal relationship could be discovered: variations in self-employment did not (Granger) cause GDP growth. We discovered a structural break in GDP growth as early as in the year of 1948. Up until 1948, (Granger) causality between self-employment and GDP could not be established for any direction. For the other segment (1949–2000), GDP growth (Granger) caused self-employment growth, but not the other way around. For the period 1949–2000, but not for the previous period, selfemployment lagged with respect to GDP growth. Consequently, GDP growth preceded self-employment growth, but self-employment growth did not precede GDP growth. Given that self-employment is a suitable indicator, the empirical results in this study are, in several respects, in disagreement with dominating assumptions in mainstream research.
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