| 1. |
- Landis, Basile Nicolas, et al.
(författare)
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"Taste Strips" - a rapid, lateralized, gustatory bedside identification test based on impregnated filter papers.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of neurology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-1459 .- 0340-5354. ; 256:2, s. 242-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To elaborate normative values for a clinical psychophysical taste test ("Taste Strips"). BACKGROUND: The "Taste Strips" are a psychophysical chemical taste test. So far, no definitive normative data had been published and only a fairly small sample size has been investigated. In light of this shortcoming for this easy, reliable and quick taste testing device, we attempted to provide normative values suitable for the clinical use. SETTING: Normative value acquisition study, multicenter study. METHODS: The investigation involved 537 participants reporting a normal sense of smell and taste (318 female, 219 male, mean age 44 years, age range 18-87 years). The taste test was based on spoon-shaped filter paper strips ("Taste Strips") impregnated with the four (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter) taste qualities in four different concentrations. The strips were placed on the left or right side of the anterior third of the extended tongue, resulting in a total of 32 trials. With their tongue still extended, patients had to identify the taste from a list of four descriptors, i. e., sweet, sour, salty, and bitter (multiple forced-choice). To obtain an impression of overall gustatory function, the number of correctly identified tastes was summed up for a "taste score". RESULTS: Taste function decreased significantly with age. Women exhibited significantly higher taste scores than men which was true for all age groups. The taste score at the 10(th) percentile was selected as a cut-off value to distinguish normogeusia from hypogeusia. Results from a small series of patients with ageusia confirmed the clinical usefulness of the proposed normative values. CONCLUSION: The present data provide normative values for the "Taste Strips" based on over 500 subjects tested.
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| 2. |
- Brämerson, Annika, 1960
(författare)
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Clinical aspects of olfaction
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The most important aims of this thesis were: (1) to investigate the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in an adult Swedish population and to relate dysfunction to factors of possible impact on olfaction, (2) to present our experience with patients seeking medical attention for olfactory disorders, (3) to describe the relationship between detection and identification tests for olfactory disorders, (4) to assess olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) in patients with olfactory impairment and in healthy controls, thereby exploring possibilities and limitations regarding to the clinical utility of the method, and (5) to evaluate the effect on the sense of smell of radiation in patients treated for head and neck cancer. Materials and methods: In the population-based study, 1900 adult subjects were drawn from the municipal register (I). Of these, 1387 were tested for olfactory impairment and questioned with regard to their sense of smell and relevant medical conditions. Three hundred and three patients seeking medical care for olfactory disturbances were clinically examined and tested with detection and identification tests: 102 of these patients also answered a questionnaire with regard to quality of life (II). OERPs were obtained after stimulation with an olfactometer in 23 patients and 24 healthy controls (III). The effect of radiation on the olfactory organ was investigated in 71 patients with head and neck tumors, before and after radiotherapy (IV). Results: The overall prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in adults was 19.1%, with 13.3% suffering hyposmia and 5.8% anosmia (I). Olfactory dysfunction (hyposmia and anosmia), was related to high age, male gender, and nasal polyps. Prevalence of anosmia in particular was found to be related to high age, nasal polyps, and diabetes mellitus. In neither case was there a relation to smoking (I). Upper respiratory tract infection was the most likely cause of olfactory disorder in close to 30% of the cases, followed by nasal polyposis, head trauma, and aging. However, the suggested etiology was not possible to determine in one third of the cases. Clinically, a strong relationship was found between the detection and identification tests (II). Patients with olfactory disorders have reduced quality of life relating to paid employment, household work, and social and family life (II). The OERPs in patients showed reduced amplitude and longer latencies compared to controls. Increasing concentration of the stimulant odor increased the OERPs (III). Patients who were exposed to a high dose of radiation against the olfactory organ showed reduced olfactory capability compared to those exposed to a low dose (IV). Conclusions: Olfactory dysfunction is common in society. Patients seeking medical attention for olfactory disorders should be investigated for both quantitative and qualitative disorders with reliable tests because impaired olfactory function is associated with a reduced quality of life. Patients who will be treated with radiation for tumors near the olfactory region should be informed of the risk of olfactory deterioration. Key words: olfactory disorders, epidemiology, quality of life, diagnosis, event-related potentials, radiation therapy.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Brämerson, Annika, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Event-related potentials in patients with olfactory loss.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Acta oto-laryngologica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1651-2251 .- 0001-6489. ; 128:10, s. 1126-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CONCLUSION: The olfactory event-related potential (OERP) method provides a means of objectively assessing olfactory function. However, further validation is needed before OERPs can be routinely applied in clinical assessment of olfactory dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To assess OERPs in patients with olfactory impairment and in healthy controls to investigate possible dose-response effects of odor concentration on OERP parameters in these groups, thereby exploring possibilities and limitations regarding the clinical utility of the OERP method. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients with a history of impaired olfactory function and 24 controls participated in the study. Olfactory function was assessed with psychophysical tests, i.e. assessment of the odor threshold, and odor identification. OERPs were obtained in response to the olfactory stimulant butanol at two different concentrations, presented via an olfactometer. RESULTS: The OERP amplitudes increased and the latencies shortened with increasing stimulus concentration. Furthermore, a difference between the groups was found, with higher OERP amplitudes and shorter latencies in healthy subjects compared with patients.
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| 5. |
- Brämerson, Annika, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Olfactory loss after head and neck cancer radiation therapy
- 2013
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Ingår i: Rhinology. - 0300-0729 .- 1996-8604. ; 51:3, s. 206-209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: A reduced sense of smell may be one explanation for why patients with cancer in the ear, nose and throat (ENT) region who are treated with radiation therapy lose weight. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether radiation therapy has a negative effect on olfactory function and, if so, whether this effect is dose-related.METHODOLOGY: Seventy-one patients were tested using odour-detection sensitivity and olfactory identification tests before radiation therapy and 20 months after it.RESULTS: Patients who received radiation close to the olfactory organ showed a reduced sense of smell, in both tests. A multiple regression analysis showed that the radiation dose was related to decline in the olfactory function, while age, sex, chemotherapy and interactions between these variables were not.CONCLUSION: Radiation therapy can damage olfactory cells.
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| 6. |
- Brämerson, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction : The Skövde population-based study
- 2004
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Ingår i: The Laryngoscope. - : John Wiley & Sons Ltd. - 0023-852X .- 1531-4995. ; 114:4, s. 733-737
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives/Hypothesis: Patients with olfactory dysfunction appear repeatedly in ear, nose, and throat practices, but the prevalence of such problems in the general adult population is not known. Therefore, the objectives were to investigate the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in an adult Swedish population and to relate dysfunction to age, gender, diabetes mellitus, nasal polyps, and smoking habits. Study Design: Cross-sectional, population-based epidemiological study. Methods: A random sample of 1900 adult inhabitants, who were stratified for age and gender, was drawn from the municipal population register of Skövde, Sweden. Subjects were called to clinical visits that included questions about olfaction, diabetes, and smoking habits. Examination was performed with a smell identification test and nasal endoscopy. Results: In all, 1387 volunteers (73% of the sample) were investigated. The overall prevalence of olfactory dysfunction was 19.1%, composed of 13.3% with hyposmia and 5.8% with anosmia. A logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between impaired olfaction and aging, male gender, and nasal polyps, but not diabetes or smoking. In an analysis of a group composed entirely of individuals with anosmia, diabetes mellitus and nasal polyps were found to be risk factors, and gender and smoking were not. Conclusion: The sample size of the population-based study was adequate, with a good fit to the entire population, which suggests that it was representative for the Swedish population. Prevalence data for various types of olfactory dysfunction could be given with reasonable precision, and suggested risk factors analyzed. The lack of a statistically significant relationship between olfactory dysfunction and smoking may be controversial.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Johansson, Å., et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence and risk factors for self-reported odour intolerance: the Skovde population-based study
- 2005
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Ingår i: Int Arch Occup Environ Health. ; 78:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The present study was performed to determine the prevalence of odour intolerance in adults with respect to both self-reported general intolerance and affective and behavioural consequences. Furthermore, we aimed to relate odour intolerance to explanatory variables and risk factors. Method: This is a cross-sectional, population-based epidemiological study. A random sample of 1900 inhabitants from the age of 20, stratified for age and gender, were recruited. Subjects were invited for clinical examinations that included questions about general odour intolerance, respiratory symptoms and smoking habits, as well as a smell identification test. The chemical sensitivity scale for sensory hyperreactivity (CSS-SHR) was used to quantify affective and behavioural consequences. Results: In total 1387 volunteers (73% of the sample) were investigated. The overall prevalence of self-reported general odour intolerance was 33% (95% confidence interval (CI): 30-36%), with problems mainly from the upper respiratory tract. The prevalence of affective and behavioural consequences of odour intolerance (CSS-SHR score >/=43) was 19% (95% CI: 15-22%). The risk for the latter condition was increased in women compared with men (odds ratio = 2.3: 95% CI: 1.5-3.6), but no increased risk was found related to current smoking or impaired sense of smell. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that intolerance to odours is a widespread problem in society, and that it is about twice as common in women than in men.
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| 9. |
- Landis, Basil N., et al.
(författare)
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Chemosensory interaction : acquired olfactory impairment is associated with decreased taste function
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Neurology. - : Springer. - 0340-5354 .- 1432-1459. ; 257, s. 1303-1308
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Olfaction, taste and trigeminal function are three distinct modalities. However, in daily life they are often activated concomitantly. In health and disease, it has been shown that in two of these senses, the trigeminal and olfactory senses, modification of one sense leads to changes in the other sense and vice versa. The objective of the study was to investigate whether and (if so) how, the third modality, taste, is influenced by olfactory impairment. We tested 210 subjects with normal (n = 107) or impaired (n = 103) olfactory function for their taste identification capacities. Validated tests were used for olfactory and gustatory testing (Sniffin’ Sticks, Taste Strips). In an additional experiment, healthy volunteers underwent reversible olfactory cleft obstruction to investigate shorttime changes of gustatory function after olfactory alteration. Mean gustatory identification (taste strip score) for the subjects with impaired olfaction was 19.4 ± 0.6 points and 22.9 ± 0.5 points for those with normal olfactory function (t = 4.6, p\0.001). The frequencies of both, smell and taste impairments interacted significantly (Chi2, F = 16.4, p\0.001), and olfactory and gustatory function correlated (r210 = 0.30, p\0.001). Neither age nor olfactory impairment cause effects interfered with this olfactory–gustatory interaction. In contrast, after shortlasting induced olfactory decrease, gustatory function remained unchanged. The present study suggests that longstanding impaired olfactory function is associated with decreased gustatory function. These findings seem to extend previously described mutual chemosensory interactions also to smell and taste. It further raises the question whether chemical senses in general decrease mutually after acquired damage.
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| 10. |
- Nordin, Steven, et al.
(författare)
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Complaints of olfactory disorders: epidemiology, assessment and clinical implications.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology. - 1528-4050. ; 8:1, s. 10-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent studies illuminate the difficulties that patients with olfactory disorder face in daily life, which underlines the need to understand its prevalence, and to diagnose and treat these patients. The purpose of the present review is to characterize olfactory disorders and describe associated complaints, present recent insights into epidemiology, suggest procedures to assess these disorders, and discuss clinical implications.
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