| 1. |
- Siwe, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Sea Traffic Management – Concepts and Components
- 2015
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Ingår i: 14th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper gives an overview of all components making up the Sea Traffic Management (STM) concept. STM builds upon information sharing in the whole maritime transport chain, where informationis shared as early as possible about intentions and reached states. Sea System Wide Information Management will provide an infrastructure for a regulated and federated approach to informationsharing. The functional sub-concepts are described: Strategic Voyage Management, Dynamic Voyage Management, Flow Management and Port Cooperative Decision Making. We will elaborate on how they complement each other and which benefits each of them has in regards to safety, environment and efficiency
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| 2. |
- Brödje, Anders, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Applied Cognitive Task Analysis as a tool for analyzing work demands in a C4I environment: a case study using a mid-fidelity simulation
- 2011
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Ingår i: D. de Waard, N. Gérard, L. Onnasch, R. Wiczorek, and D. Manzey (Eds.) (2011). Human Centred Automation. - 9789042304062 ; , s. 313 - 326
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The majority of worldwide goods transportation is carried out by ships at sea. In order to promote safety in narrow waters and around major ports, several countries have installed Vessel Traffic Services (VTS). VTS operators monitor a specific geographical area and support and direct ships that sail through the area, primarily making the navigating officer of each ship aware of the current traffic situation, local weather and geographical conditions. In this, the VTS domain represents a civilian Command, Control, Communications, Computer and Intelligence (C4I) environment. Identifying user needs and analysing user behaviour in these environments require appropriate methods that are comprehensive and valid. This paper presents an adapted use of the Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) in a case study where an interactive mid-fidelity scenario for the phase of the Simulation Interview has been used. The use of the interactive simulation as a knowledge eliciting tool within the context of ACTA is discussed and assessed using Hoffman’s method evaluation criteria.
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| 3. |
- Brödje, Anders, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring non-technical miscommunication in vessel traffic service operation
- 2013
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Ingår i: Cognition, Technology and Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 15:3, s. 347-357
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vessel traffic services (VTS) are maritimetraffic monitoring systems used in port approaches, confinedor congested waters. VTS operators (VTSOs) monitor aspecific geographical area and support and direct ships thatsail through the area, primarily making the navigatingofficer or pilot of each ship aware of the current trafficsituation, local weather and geographical conditions. Weused an interactive mid-fidelity simulation as a knowledgeeliciting tool to explore the work situation of VTSOs.During the simulation, VTSOs from a VTS centre inSweden ran a scenario based on a normal traffic situation intheir local fairway. Results indicate that the VTSOs, eventhough they are well aware of crucial events in the fairway,at times choose not to inform navigating officers or pilotsof these safety aspects apart from when subject to protocol.The present paper put forward elements behind this form ofmiscommunication and presents results indicating that themajor contributing factor is the VTSOs’ anticipation ofnegative attitudes between working groups participating inthe VTS system and the lack of sufficient regulation withregard to the role and responsibilities of VTSOs.
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| 4. |
- Brödje, Anders, 1971
(författare)
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Hello, is there anybody out there – just nod if you can hear me
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of social and technical aspectsof the work of Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) operators. VTS operators monitor maritimetraffic in order to promote safety in narrow waters and around major ports. The task of theVTS operator is to support and direct ships that sail through the monitored area, primarilymaking the navigating officer of each ship aware of the current traffic situation, local weatherand geographical conditions. When performing this task, it is crucial that the VTS operatorbuilds a mental model of the situation in the monitored area. To understand this process, weneed to explore what type of information VTS operators use as well as when, why and howthey use available information. We also need to understand what factors affect the work ofVTS operators and the influences of these factors on the work process.Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) was used to study how VTS operators work withanomaly detection and pattern recognition from a holistic perspective. In addition, a midfidelitysimulation was used as a knowledge eliciting tool to explore the work situation ofVTS operators. The combination of methods was assessed using Hoffman’s (1987) methodevaluation criteria.The results indicate that VTS operators build their mental models by combining theirexperiences, previous nautical experience, local area knowledge and information fromtechnical support systems. In particular, voice communication was identified as an importantsource of information for creating these mental models and factors behind non-technicalmiscommunication were investigated, since the latter may lead to negative effects onnavigational safety. As for the miscommunication, the results indicate that regulation andtechnical systems are not sufficient to combat miscommunication within VTS systems. Fordoing this, it is also necessary to consider social aspects.
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| 5. |
- Brödje, Anders, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Supporting voice communication between navigator and VTS by visual solutions - exploring the use of the “route suggestion” functionality within VTS
- 2015
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Ingår i: Information, Communication and Environment: Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. - : CRC Press. - 9781315672588 ; , s. 267-273
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present paper describes an experiment where a VTS uses the functionality of “route suggestion” to visually support communication between navigators and VTS Operators. The idea of “route suggestion”, a crucial part of current developments within e-navigation, was first introduced with the EfficienSea project and has since been matured within the MONALISA and ACCSEAS projects. Within the ACCSEAS project the functionality has been augmented through the notion of “intended routes”, where vessels transmit sections of their planned routes using ECDIS in order for navigators to better understand the intentions of other, nearby, vessels. Also, “route suggestions” has been developed for use by shore stations, such as VTS, to transmit route segments to individual vessels within its area of responsibility. As part of the ACCSEAS project, the latter was tested in a simulator consisting of two full mission bridges and two VTSs, each of the two working in pairs, bridge-VTS. Five different scenarios were used, all set in the entrance of the river Humber, UK. In total, nine Pilots/Masters (Unlimited licence) and two VTS Operators participated in the experiment which ran over four days and was divided into two different simulations. ECDIS and VTS system were represented by the shipboard as well as the shore-based E-navigation Prototype Display system, as developed by the Danish Maritime Authority within the MONALISA and ACCSEAS projects. Data was collected using questionnaires, observation and video protocols. The observation protocol and the video protocol were coded and micro coded using MaxQDA and the questionnaires were used for comparison between the different participants following the analysis of protocol data in MaxQDA. Results indicate that there were no differences in acceptance of the tested “route suggestion” functionality between participants of different age, nor previous experiences as navigators/VTS Operators. Further, the results strongly indicate that the acceptance of the “route suggestion” functionality was due to the VTS Operators bridging the introduction of the new functionality by voice communication. Thus, the “route suggestion” functionality served as a graphical means of supporting voice communication between navigator and VTS Operator.
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| 6. |
- Brödje, Anders, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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The Whats, Whens, Whys and Hows of VTS Operator use of Sensor Information
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of International Conference on Human Performance at Sea. - 9780947649739 ; , s. 161-172
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Situation Awareness (SA), even though under some dispute, is a concept used for describing a person’s mental picture of a dynamic environment. In the domain of Vessel Traffic Service (VTS), operators monitor maritime traffic movements within a set geographic area. When performing this task, it is crucial that VTS operators (VTSOs) have a sufficient SA and methods have been developed to measure this. Yet, being able to measure SA does not reveal how VTSOs build their SA. To understand this, we need to know what type of information VTSOs use as well as when, why and how they use the information. The present study has used Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) to demonstrate how VTSOs work with anomaly detection and pattern recognition from a holistic perspective. Primarily VTSOs use radar and VHF radio as their main sensors. The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is mainly regarded as a complement, providing information such as a vessel’s name and call sign. Dynamic information supplied through the AIS is not considered crucial for SA by the VTSOs. The purpose of this study has been to create a better understanding of how operators in this domain use available sensor information. This knowledge will serve as a basis for further studies into the Human Factors perspective of developing Intelligent Decision Support Systems with the aim of supporting the VTSO to construct a good SA.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Lind, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Digitalisation for sustainable sea transports
- 2015
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Ingår i: Clean Mobility and Intelligent Transport Systems. - 9781849198967 ; , s. 187-217
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The long history of shipping has created an industry with many autonomous players operating with a high degree of independence but with a need for episodic tight coupling to fulfil individual goals. For example, a ship cannot deliver its cargo without close cooperation with a pilot, tug and terminal operator. Despite this need for episodic tight coupling, the industry has not undergone the digital transformation that would enable data sharing to make coupling more efficient and reduce costs. Furthermore, we have presented a plan for realising STM that is highly cognisant of the nature of the industry. We advocate a digital transformation that preserves independence by allowing each party to manage access to its data and to decide when it will join the digital revolution. Our plan is based on creating an open market with complementary standards that facilitates coordination through data streaming and enables existing information intermediaries, such as shipping agents and new infomediaries provided by entrepreneurial information services, to adapt and emerge to meet the industry’s information needs. In this chapter, we have described a series of digitally-based information services centred on STM that will accelerate digital transformation of the shipping industry and provide Europe with more efficient, safer and environmentally sustainable ship transportation.
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| 9. |
- Porathe, Thomas, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Ship traffic management route exchange: acceptance in Korea and Sweden, a cross cultural study
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Symposium Information on Ships, ISIS 2014. - 2191-8392. ; , s. 64-79
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accidents at sea are today much more rare than in present days. Improvement in technical reliability is a large reason for that. And also innovation in systems that aid the human in decision-making. These systems can be technical (like the GPS and AIS), but can also be organizational (like Traffic Separation Schemes and Safety Management Systems). Still accidents occur. IMOs e-Navigation concept aims at collecting, integrating, exchanging and presenting information to aid the awareness of dangerous situations and the analysis of risk situations. One such attempt is the route exchange concept developed in the EU projects EfficenSea, MONALISA and ACCSEAS. The idea is that by coordinating routes from all vessels in an area, close quarter situations can be predicted and avoided at an early stage. A prototype system has previously been built and tested in simulator trials with Swedish mariners with good results. This paper presents a ship trial in Korea with Korean cadets and experienced bridge officers. The tests showed no cultural differences and good acceptance to the suggested system. Some important concerns were also expressed.
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| 10. |
- Porathe, Thomas, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Supporting situation awareness on the bridge: Testing route exchange in a practical e-navigation study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Information, Communication and Environment: Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. - : CRC Press. - 9781315672588 ; , s. 85-92
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In a simulator study parts of the ACCSEAS project's e-Navigation route exchange concept termed “intended routes” has been tested in a full mission bridge simulator using experienced bridge officers in port approach scenarios. By “intended routes” we mean a service where ships underway send a number of waypoints ahead of their present position, from their voyage plan; thus sharing their intentions with ships within radio range. Other ships “intended routes” become visible on the ECDIS screen on request and can be queried for where my own ship is when the other ship is at the cursor indicated point on the displayed “intended route”. Observation, focus group interviews and questionnaires were used to capture qualitative data on professional acceptance, the concept, procedural changes, functions and interface. The tested service was very well received with high acceptance ratings.
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