| 1. |
- Berne, Olivier, et al.
(författare)
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PDRs4All : A JWST Early Release Science Program on Radiative Feedback from Massive Stars
- 2022
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Ingår i: Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. - : IOP Publishing. - 0004-6280 .- 1538-3873. ; 134:1035
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Massive stars disrupt their natal molecular cloud material through radiative and mechanical feedback processes. These processes have profound effects on the evolution of interstellar matter in our Galaxy and throughout the universe, from the era of vigorous star formation at redshifts of 1-3 to the present day. The dominant feedback processes can be probed by observations of the Photo-Dissociation Regions (PDRs) where the far-ultraviolet photons of massive stars create warm regions of gas and dust in the neutral atomic and molecular gas. PDR emission provides a unique tool to study in detail the physical and chemical processes that are relevant for most of the mass in inter- and circumstellar media including diffuse clouds, proto-planetary disks, and molecular cloud surfaces, globules, planetary nebulae, and star-forming regions. PDR emission dominates the infrared (IR) spectra of star-forming galaxies. Most of the Galactic and extragalactic observations obtained with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will therefore arise in PDR emission. In this paper we present an Early Release Science program using the MIRI, NIRSpec, and NIRCam instruments dedicated to the observations of an emblematic and nearby PDR: the Orion Bar. These early JWST observations will provide template data sets designed to identify key PDR characteristics in JWST observations. These data will serve to benchmark PDR models and extend them into the JWST era. We also present the Science-Enabling products that we will provide to the community. These template data sets and Science-Enabling products will guide the preparation of future proposals on star-forming regions in our Galaxy and beyond and will facilitate data analysis and interpretation of forthcoming JWST observations.
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| 2. |
- Brandl, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Current practice in assessment and management of malnutrition in surgical oncology practice – An ESSO-EYSAC snapshot analysis
- 2024
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Ingår i: European Journal of Surgical Oncology. - 0748-7983 .- 1532-2157. ; 50:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Malnutrition is common in patients suffering from malignant diseases and has a major impact on patient outcomes. Prevention and early detection are crucial for effective treatment. This study aimed to investigate current international practice in the assessment and management of malnutrition in surgical oncology departments. Material and methods: The survey was designed by European Society of Surgical Oncology (ESSO) and ESSO Young Surgeons and Alumni Club (EYSAC) Research Academy as an online questionnaire with 41 questions addressing three main areas: participant demographics, malnutrition assessment, and perioperative nutritional standards. The survey was distributed from October to November 2021 via emails, social media and the ESSO website to surgical networks focussing on surgical oncologists. Results were collected and analysed by an independent team. Results: A total of 156 participants from 39 different countries answered the survey, reflecting a response rate of 1.4%. Surgeons reported treating a mean of 22.4 patients per month. 38% of all patients treated in surgical oncology departments were routinely screened for malnutrition. 52% of patients were perceived as being at risk for malnutrition. The most used screening tool was the “Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool” (MUST). 68% of participants agreed that the surgeon is responsible for assessing preoperative nutritional status. 49% of patients were routinely seen by dieticians. In cases of severe malnutrition, 56% considered postponing the operation. Conclusions: The reported rate of malnutrition screening by surgical oncologists is lower than expected (38%). This indicates a need for improved awareness of malnutrition in surgical oncology, and nutritional screening.
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| 3. |
- Chown, Ryan, et al.
(författare)
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PDRs4All: IV. An embarrassment of riches: Aromatic infrared bands in the Orion Bar
- 2024
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 685
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. Mid-infrared observations of photodissociation regions (PDRs) are dominated by strong emission features called aromatic infrared bands (AIBs). The most prominent AIBs are found at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, and 11.2 µm. The most sensitive, highest-resolution infrared spectral imaging data ever taken of the prototypical PDR, the Orion Bar, have been captured by JWST. These high-quality data allow for an unprecedentedly detailed view of AIBs. Aims. We provide an inventory of the AIBs found in the Orion Bar, along with mid-IR template spectra from five distinct regions in the Bar: the molecular PDR (i.e. the three H2 dissociation fronts), the atomic PDR, and the H II region. Methods. We used JWST NIRSpec IFU and MIRI MRS observations of the Orion Bar from the JWST Early Release Science Program, PDRs4All (ID: 1288). We extracted five template spectra to represent the morphology and environment of the Orion Bar PDR. We investigated and characterised the AIBs in these template spectra. We describe the variations among them here. Results. The superb sensitivity and the spectral and spatial resolution of these JWST observations reveal many details of the AIB emission and enable an improved characterization of their detailed profile shapes and sub-components. The Orion Bar spectra are dominated by the well-known AIBs at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.2, and 12.7 µm with well-defined profiles. In addition, the spectra display a wealth of weaker features and sub-components. The widths of many AIBs show clear and systematic variations, being narrowest in the atomic PDR template, but showing a clear broadening in the H II region template while the broadest bands are found in the three dissociation front templates. In addition, the relative strengths of AIB (sub-)components vary among the template spectra as well. All AIB profiles are characteristic of class A sources as designated by Peeters (2022, A&A, 390, 1089), except for the 11.2 µm AIB profile deep in the molecular zone, which belongs to class B11.2. Furthermore, the observations show that the sub-components that contribute to the 5.75, 7.7, and 11.2 µm AIBs become much weaker in the PDR surface layers. We attribute this to the presence of small, more labile carriers in the deeper PDR layers that are photolysed away in the harsh radiation field near the surface. The 3.3/11.2 AIB intensity ratio decreases by about 40% between the dissociation fronts and the H II region, indicating a shift in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) size distribution to larger PAHs in the PDR surface layers, also likely due to the effects of photochemistry. The observed broadening of the bands in the molecular PDR is consistent with an enhanced importance of smaller PAHs since smaller PAHs attain a higher internal excitation energy at a fixed photon energy. Conclusions. Spectral-imaging observations of the Orion Bar using JWST yield key insights into the photochemical evolution of PAHs, such as the evolution responsible for the shift of 11.2 µm AIB emission from class B11.2 in the molecular PDR to class A11.2 in the PDR surface layers. This photochemical evolution is driven by the increased importance of FUV processing in the PDR surface layers, resulting in a “weeding out” of the weakest links of the PAH family in these layers. For now, these JWST observations are consistent with a model in which the underlying PAH family is composed of a few species: the so-called ‘grandPAHs’.
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| 4. |
- Habart, Emilie, et al.
(författare)
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PDRs4All II. JWST’s NIR and MIR imaging view of the Orion Nebula
- 2024
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 685
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has captured the most detailed and sharpest infrared (IR) images ever taken of the inner region of the Orion Nebula, the nearest massive star formation region, and a prototypical highly irradiated dense photo-dissociation region (PDR). Aims. We investigate the fundamental interaction of far-ultraviolet (FUV) photons with molecular clouds. The transitions across the ionization front (IF), dissociation front (DF), and the molecular cloud are studied at high-angular resolution. These transitions are relevant to understanding the effects of radiative feedback from massive stars and the dominant physical and chemical processes that lead to the IR emission that JWST will detect in many Galactic and extragalactic environments. Methods. We utilized NIRCam and MIRI to obtain sub-arcsecond images over ∼150′′ and 42′′ in key gas phase lines (e.g., Pa α, Br α, [FeII] 1.64 µm, H2 1–0 S(1) 2.12 µm, 0–0 S(9) 4.69 µm), aromatic and aliphatic infrared bands (aromatic infrared bands at 3.3–3.4 µm, 7.7, and 11.3 µm), dust emission, and scattered light. Their emission are powerful tracers of the IF and DF, FUV radiation field and density distribution. Using NIRSpec observations the fractional contributions of lines, AIBs, and continuum emission to our NIRCam images were estimated. A very good agreement is found for the distribution and intensity of lines and AIBs between the NIRCam and NIRSpec observations. Results. Due to the proximity of the Orion Nebula and the unprecedented angular resolution of JWST, these data reveal that the molecular cloud borders are hyper structured at small angular scales of ∼0.1–1′′ (∼0.0002–0.002 pc or ∼40–400 au at 414 pc). A diverse set of features are observed such as ridges, waves, globules and photoevaporated protoplanetary disks. At the PDR atomic to molecular transition, several bright features are detected that are associated with the highly irradiated surroundings of the dense molecular condensations and embedded young star. Toward the Orion Bar PDR, a highly sculpted interface is detected with sharp edges and density increases near the IF and DF. This was predicted by previous modeling studies, but the fronts were unresolved in most tracers. The spatial distribution of the AIBs reveals that the PDR edge is steep and is followed by an extensive warm atomic layer up to the DF with multiple ridges. A complex, structured, and folded H0/H2 DF surface was traced by the H2 lines. This dataset was used to revisit the commonly adopted 2D PDR structure of the Orion Bar as our observations show that a 3D “terraced” geometry is required to explain the JWST observations. JWST provides us with a complete view of the PDR, all the way from the PDR edge to the substructured dense region, and this allowed us to determine, in detail, where the emission of the atomic and molecular lines, aromatic bands, and dust originate. Conclusions. This study offers an unprecedented dataset to benchmark and transform PDR physico-chemical and dynamical models for the JWST era. A fundamental step forward in our understanding of the interaction of FUV photons with molecular clouds and the role of FUV irradiation along the star formation sequence is provided.
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| 5. |
- Hau, Stephan, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Die Frankfurter Präventionsstudie. Zur psychischen und psychosozialen Integration von verhaltensauffälligen Kindern (insbesondere von ADHS) im Kindergartenalter - ein Arbeitsbericht.
- 2006
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Ingår i: ADHS - Frühprävention statt Medikalisierung. Theorie, Forschung, Kontroversen.. - Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. - 9783525451786 - 3525451784 ; , s. 238-269
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Wie soll ADHS behandelt werden? Dieses Buch setzt sich auf fachlich-wissenschaftlicher Ebene sowohl mit der Diagnose als auch mit der Behandlung von ADHS auseinander. Die einen plädieren für einen verstehenden und therapeutischen Umgang mit dem betroffenen Kind, während andere in einer medikamentösen Behandlung das Mittel der Wahl sehen.Das Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Hyperaktivitäts-Syndrom (ADHS) ist heutzutage eine weitverbreitete Diagnose, mancherorts für fast alle kindlichen Schwierigkeiten im Vorschul- und Grundschulalter. Die Erklärungen reichen von Störungen des Hirnstoffwechsels, Frühverwahrlosungen, psychischen oder psychosozialen Regulationsstörungen bis hin zu Hochbegabungen. Bei den Präventions- und Therapieangeboten gehen die Empfehlungen weit auseinander. Für die einen ist ein verstehender Zugang zum einzelnen Kind und seiner Lebenssituation der richtige Weg, während andere in einer medikamentösen Behandlung die Lösung des Problems sehen. Diese Sichtweise hat in den letzten zehn Jahren enormen Auftrieb erhalten. Die Autoren dieses Bandes problematisieren und diskutieren eine drohende Medikalisierung sozialer Probleme. Sie greifen aktuelle Kontroversen auf und plädieren für eine sorgfältige Diagnostik sowie für eine professionelle Zusammenarbeit aller beteiligten Experten bei der Therapie der betroffenen Kinder.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Peeters, Els, et al.
(författare)
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PDRs4All: III. JWST's NIR spectroscopic view of the Orion Bar
- 2024
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 685
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. JWST has taken the sharpest and most sensitive infrared (IR) spectral imaging observations ever of the Orion Bar photodis-sociation region (PDR), which is part of the nearest massive star-forming region the Orion Nebula, and often considered to be the 'prototypical'strongly illuminated PDR. Aims. We investigate the impact of radiative feedback from massive stars on their natal cloud and focus on the transition from the H II region to the atomic PDR -crossing the ionisation front (IF) -, and the subsequent transition to the molecular PDR -crossing the dissociation front (DF). Given the prevalence of PDRs in the interstellar medium and their dominant contribution to IR radiation, understanding the response of the PDR gas to far-ultraviolet (FUV) photons and the associated physical and chemical processes is fundamental to our understanding of star and planet formation and for the interpretation of any unresolved PDR as seen by JWST. Methods. We used high-resolution near-IR integral field spectroscopic data from NIRSpec on JWST to observe the Orion Bar PDR as part of the PDRs4All JWST Early Release Science programme. We constructed a 3″ × 25″ spatio-spectral mosaic covering 0.97-5.27 μm at a spectral resolution R of ~2700 and an angular resolution of 0.075″-0.173″. To study the properties of key regions captured in this mosaic, we extracted five template spectra in apertures centred on the three H2 dissociation fronts, the atomic PDR, and the H II region. This wealth of detailed spatial-spectral information was analysed in terms of variations in the physical conditions-incident UV field, density, and temperature -of the PDR gas. Results. The NIRSpec data reveal a forest of lines including, but not limited to, He I, H I, and C I recombination lines; ionic lines (e.g. Fe III and Fe II); O I and N I fluorescence lines; aromatic infrared bands (AIBs, including aromatic CH, aliphatic CH, and their CD counterparts); pure rotational and ro-vibrational lines from H2; and ro-vibrational lines from HD, CO, and CH+, with most of them having been detected for the first time towards a PDR. Their spatial distribution resolves the H and He ionisation structure in the Huygens region, gives insight into the geometry of the Bar, and confirms the large-scale stratification of PDRs. In addition, we observed numerous smaller-scale structures whose typical size decreases with distance from θ1 Ori C and IR lines from C I, if solely arising from radiative recombination and cascade, reveal very high gas temperatures (a few 1000 K) consistent with the hot irradiated surface of small-scale dense clumps inside the PDR. The morphology of the Bar, in particular that of the H2 lines, reveals multiple prominent filaments that exhibit different characteristics. This leaves the impression of a 'terraced'transition from the predominantly atomic surface region to the CO-rich molecular zone deeper in. We attribute the different characteristics of the H2 filaments to their varying depth into the PDR and, in some cases, not reaching the C+/C/CO transition. These observations thus reveal what local conditions are required to drive the physical and chemical processes needed to explain the different characteristics of the DFs and the photochemical evolution of the AIB carriers. Conclusions. This study showcases the discovery space created by JWST to further our understanding of the impact radiation from young stars has on their natal molecular cloud and proto-planetary disk, which touches on star and planet formation as well as galaxy evolution.
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| 9. |
- Przybilla, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Interactive Mathematical Maps : A contextualized way of meaningful Learning
- 2021
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Ingår i: Bringing Nordic mathematics education into the future. Papers from NORMA 20, Preceedings of Norma 20, The ninth Nordic Conference on Mathematics Education, Oslo, 2021. - 9789198402438 ; , s. 209-216
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Student teachers are often not able to link mathematical school and university contents. This problem results in the “double discontinuity” that goes back to Klein (1924)[1], which manifests itself in a lack of understanding and significance of university contents on the part of future teachers. Based on modern learning psychology we assume that this issue can be overcome by defragmentation – a thematically meaningful arrangement – of knowledge. For this purpose, we present a "dynamic interactive mathematical map" which should enable "meaningful learning" in the sense of Ausubel (1963) [2]. By giving the learners the possibility to retrace the formation of mathematical subjects in conjunction with the presentation of similar concepts, understanding is deepened and ultimately transfer of learning is facilitated. We also present one of the tentative studies connected with the map. [1] “The first ‘discontinuity’ concerns the well-known problems of transition which students face as they enter university. The second ‘discontinuity’ concerns those […] which return to school as teachers and the (difficult) transfer of academic knowledge gained at university to relevant knowledge for a teacher.” (Winsløw & Grønbæk, 2013, p. 2)[2] Ausubel (1963) shaped the term “meaningful learning”, which declares that learning is only meaningful (contrasted to rote learning), when connected to past learnings and many different contexts.
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| 10. |
- Przybilla, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Rooms of Learning : A conceptual framework for student-centered teaching development in a digital era
- 2021
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the context of teaching, there is often a clash of different generation cohorts, which have different attitudes to and skills in digital media and corresponding ways of teaching and learning, respectively. The current COVID19 situation works as an intensifying lens and shows the problems occurring in this context even more clearly. Many mathematics teachers feel urged to move away from the instruction- and lecture-centered teaching style and many universities are upgrading digitally, thus creating the conditions for innovative teaching. Considering the change in learning theories and education curricula, we offer a general model called “Rooms of Learning” as a quick-to-see-and-interpret framework for the pre- and post-analysis of course design. It is backed by subject didactical frameworks that focus on interactions between the main actors involved in learning. As starting points, we use the basic needs of today’s learners for autonomy, relatedness, and competence as well as the requirements of the present information society. Focusing on different levels of the learners’ autonomy, as the key factor for building up mathematical competence and life-long learning, we illustrate our practice-oriented model by analyzing different course layouts. Herein the strength of the model is demonstrated, as commonalities of the modern course designs successfully applied today are revealed. It suggests, when designing a course, care should be taken to ensure that the defined Peer teaching room and Self-studies room are given enough space.
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