| 1. |
- Brea-Martinez, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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Four centuries’ trends of Socioeconomic mobility and inequality in Southern Europe: The area of Barcelona, 16th- 19th centuries
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper assesses the interrelation between economic inequality and social mobility in the long run. We use the unique Barcelona Historical Marriage Database for 1545-1880, accounting for more than 60,000 parents-children links. Analytically, we combine individuals' socioeconomic relative position for decomposing inequality individually in the overall population and by subgroups (social class) with multilevel modeling. Our results show that social mobility was uneven in intensity and direction depending on the background. We highlight the significance of arguing relative mobility only with occupational or social group intergenerational mobility. In this sense, for instance, even if children of artisans and farmers achieved social mobility upward (as traders), they would still be much more likely to be disadvantaged in terms of inequality contribution than children of traders.
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| 2. |
- Brea-Martinez, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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Inequality in social mobility in Southern Europe. Evidence of Class Ceiling in the area of Barcelona, 16th-19th centuries
- 2022
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Preindustrial social mobility is still primarily understudied in present times, and most early-industrial social mobility research has focused strictly on occupational mobility, not fully capturing the substantial socioeconomic disparities within occupational groups that presumably always existed. In this study, we contribute to the literature by estimating long-term trends in intergenerational social mobility in Barcelona and its hinterland. Using the Barcelona Historical Marriage Database, we assess disparities between socially and non-socially mobile individuals within occupational groups through unique data covering occupational prestige and economic information. We use data from genealogic reconstitutions done with probabilistic record linkage. We find that using a combined SES approach (occupational prestige and economic capacity) can capture both class differences and within-occupation disparities. Accordingly, socioeconomic mobility increased since the beginning of the 18th, during the Catalan protoindustrialization, but with significant class disparities. SES persistence would have increased for Non-Manuals' children, stagnated for Artisans' children, and declined for Farmers'. Moreover, within-occupational groups, we find that upward-mobile individuals would have always been disadvantaged in socioeconomic terms compared to immobile, a constant characteristic from the preindustrial periods until the end of the 19th century. These results suggest that socially immobile (intergenerationally) would perform better than mobile, independent of the period, which seems to recall the sociological concept of class ceiling
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| 3. |
- Brea-Martinez, Gabriel
(författare)
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Materfamilias: the association of mother’s work on children’s absolute income mobility, Southern Sweden (1947–2015)
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Review of Economic History. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1474-0044 .- 1361-4916. ; 27:1, s. 1-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the association of mothers’ income with children’s economic mobility in a period of increased women’s labor market participation in Sweden. I found that whether a mother was economically independent and had an income similar to that of the father during her children’s late childhood and adolescence positively associated with upward mobility. The results show a substantial association of mother’s income position to their daughters’ mobility, but not for sons’. Among the primary mechanisms, I argue that extra resources from mothers helped human capital investment through education and that mothers influenced daughters by a gendered role model.
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| 4. |
- Brea Martinez, Gabriel
(författare)
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Materfamilias: The beneficial impact of mother’s work on children economic mobility
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The intergenerational influence on social and economic mobility always attracted the interest ofresearchers, bringing evidences on that intergenerational mobility correlate positively with thegeneration of opportunities and low levels of inequality at the society level. Recent studies pointedan exclusive focus on the influence of fathers on child’s outcomes, which neglecting the maternalinfluence. Nevertheless, studies developing a higher attention to mother’s influence onintergenerational mobility usually focus only in periods after 1970. The main arguments for notextending back studies on maternal influence lie on a common belief that mothers would have asmall impact on male breadwinner societies, when it was uncommon for mothers with schoolaged children to work.This paper studies the maternal influence on child’s social mobility in a period when mother’sgainfully work was far from being common. I look for a potential beneficial effect of forerunnermothers, working after motherhood between the end of 1940’s and 1980’s. I use richlongitudinal data from Southern Sweden with enough income and sociodemographic informationthat allows studying intergenerational income mobility in a consistent way.My findings show that mother’s income did not influence children directly. However, maternalworking status and income similarity to fathers, a proxy to economic autonomy, during latechildhood and adolescence had a substantial effect on upward economic mobility, especially fordaughters. These results suggest that apart from the direct income influence, an active rolemodel could be fundamental to promote social mobility and to narrow gender disparities.
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| 5. |
- Brea Martinez, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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The changing price of poverty: The association between childhood poverty and adult economic status in Sweden 1930 to 2015
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Being poor during childhood increases the likelihood of being poor as an adult, which points to an intergenerational transmission of poverty. We know much more about this transmission for contemporary contexts than for the past, as extant research primarily covers the post-1960 period, and thus provides limited insights into the changing influence of poverty as societies modernize and welfare states develop. In this study, we analyze the association between childhood poverty and economic outcomes in adulthood for men and women who grew up in Southern Sweden between the 1930s and the early 1970s and who were followed to adulthood regardless of where in Sweden they resided (N=304,000). Our preliminary results show persisting impacts of childhood poverty for both men and women, although the impact for women tapers off over time. We show that the mediation effect of education is key to understand the long-term poverty impacts, from a gender perspective.
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| 6. |
- Brea-Martinez, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of social mobility on fertility behaviour in the long run. An application of Diagonal Reference Models (DRM) to Historical Demography (Southern Sweden, 1870-2015)
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Social science has always been interested in the effect of social mobility on fertility behavior, bringing mixed evidence. Part of this is due to an identification problem. Accordingly, conventional models cannot disentangle which effects are due to social mobility, background, or origin alone. Diagonal reference models accurately estimate the additional impact of social mobility, net of background and destination classes, in different outcomes. In this sense, we propose to apply DRMs for the first time in historical demography to study how social mobility may have affected long-term fertility behavior. We use long-term longitudinal data for southern Sweden (Scania). Our first results show a decrease in the background importance over time and that social mobility related more with lower fertility in the past for couples during the fertility transition periods.
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| 7. |
- Brea-Martinez, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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The Long-Term Effects of Childhood Poverty in Adult’s SES Attainment. How Important Is the Neighborhood? (Sweden, 1947-2015)
- 2023
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This article studies the consequences of adult income resulting from exposure to poverty at the neighbourhood and family levels for children aged 1-17 in Southern Sweden from 1947 to 1967. We used geocoded information at the address level to identify k-neighbourhoods of various sizes and applied both relative and absolute poverty measurements, all yielding similar results. Moreover, our longitudinal data allowed for consecutive observations of individuals during childhood, enabling the capture of cumulative aspects of poverty exposure. Among our main findings, we identified that poverty in neighbourhoods had an independent association, even after accounting for familial poverty experience. This association appeared to be more substantial for men at younger ages, especially from 1 to 6, where ever living in a considered poor neighbourhood had a clear negative impact on adult income. However, for women, the general increase in university education attainment seemed to have neutralised any neighbourhood effect. The role played by neighbourhood poverty remained constant over time and across cohorts, even though our observational period coincided with the first expansion of the Swedish welfare estate.
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| 8. |
- Brea-Martinez, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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The price of poverty: The association between childhood poverty and adult income and education in Sweden, 1947–2015
- 2023
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Ingår i: Economic History Review. - : Wiley. - 1468-0289 .- 0013-0117. ; 76:4, s. 1281-1304
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Childhood poverty increases the likelihood of being poor as an adult. We know relatively little about this persistence of poverty in the past and whether it changed as modern welfare societies developed. This study both analyses determinants of childhood poverty and assesses the association between childhood poverty and economic outcomes in adulthood for men and women who grew up in southern Sweden, and who were followed to adulthood regardless of where in Sweden they resided. Poverty is measured in relative terms. Being raised by a single mother, foreign origin, and being raised in a context where the household head was not employed were important risk factors for childhood poverty. Growing up in relative poverty was in turn associated with low income and education in adulthood. Both the persistence and intensity of childhood poverty mattered, and so did the age during which poverty was experienced. Patterns were similar for men and women, and there was no consistent change over time as the Swedish welfare state expanded.
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| 9. |
- Debiasi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Has it always paid to be rich? Income and cause-specific mortality in southern Sweden 1905–2014
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Ingår i: Population Studies. - 1477-4747.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Socio-economic differences in mortality are among the most pervasive characteristics of Western societies. While the mortality gradient by income is well established for the period after 1970, knowledge about the origins of this gradient is still rudimentary. We analyse the association between income and cause-specific adult mortality during the period 1905–2014 in an area of southern Sweden, using competing-risk hazard models with individual-level longitudinal data for over 2.2 million person-years and over 35,000 deaths. We find that the present-day income gradient in adult mortality emerged only in the period after the Second World War and did so for the leading causes of death and for men and women largely simultaneously.
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| 10. |
- Hedefalk, Finn, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to Neighborhood Income Inequality in Childhood and Later-Life Mortality, Sweden 1939-2015
- 2022
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Ingår i: ; , s. 1-11
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The degree of inequality in a society may be harmful to individual health, regardless of wheresomeone is located in the income ladder. An underlying assumption in the literature is thatthere is an instant link between income inequality and individual health and most studiesconsider a contemporary correlation, assessing inequality and health just about the same pointin time. Moreover, research is limited regarding the long-term consequences of exposure toincome inequality and inequality is often measured at coarse geographical levels, althoughpotential mechanisms mediate a relationship may be very local. We use geocoded longitudinalmicrodata for the city of Landskrona, 1947-1967, linked to Swedish national registers, 1968-2015, to analyze how exposure to economic inequality in childhood neighborhoods influencemortality in adulthood. For the period 1947-1967, the whole population of Landskrona isgeocoded at the address-level, and we observe their full residential histories within the city.Here, we measure continuous individual neighborhood conditions, using on the k-nearestneighbors approach, for the children (ages 1-17) in the town. We focus on the Gini-index, andaverage income in the childhood neighborhood. We follow up exposed children nationwide atage 40 (1968-2015) and use Cox proportional hazards models to analyze the effect ofneighborhood income and Gini-index on adult mortality from age 40 to 69. We control forchildhood family income, socio-spatial neighborhood characteristics, and social class inadulthood.The preliminary results indicate that economic inequalities within the childhoodneighborhoods were important for adult mortality of men, but not for women. Men who grewup in neighborhoods with low inequality experienced a relatively lower mortality risk inadulthood compared to men growing up in high inequality neighborhoods, even whenadjusting for both childhood family income, neighborhood income, and adult class. The maincontribution of this study is the analysis of exposure to neighborhood inequality in childhood,at the micro-level, and the implications over the life-course.
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