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- Abdurrahman, G, et al.
(författare)
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Allergy-A New Role for T Cell Superantigens of Staphylococcus aureus?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Toxins. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-6651. ; 12:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Staphylococcus aureus superantigens (SAgs) are among the most potent T cell mitogens known. They stimulate large fractions of T cells by cross-linking their T cell receptor with major histocompatibility complex class-II molecules on antigen presenting cells, resulting in T cell proliferation and massive cytokine release. To date, 26 different SAgs have been described in the species S. aureus; they comprise the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), as well as 25 staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) or enterotoxin-like proteins (SEls). SAgs can cause staphylococcal food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome and contribute to the clinical symptoms of staphylococcal infection. In addition, there is growing evidence that SAgs are involved in allergic diseases. This review provides an overview on recent epidemiological data on the involvement of S. aureus SAgs and anti-SAg-IgE in allergy, demonstrating that being sensitized to SEs—in contrast to inhalant allergens—is associated with a severe disease course in patients with chronic airway inflammation. The mechanisms by which SAgs trigger or amplify allergic immune responses, however, are not yet fully understood. Here, we discuss known and hypothetical pathways by which SAgs can drive an atopic disease.
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| 2. |
- Bachert, C, et al.
(författare)
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Adult chronic rhinosinusitis
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Disease primers. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2056-676X. ; 6:1, s. 86-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Bachert, C, et al.
(författare)
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Staphylococcus aureus and its IgE-inducing enterotoxins in asthma: current knowledge
- 2020
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Ingår i: The European respiratory journal. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 1399-3003 .- 0903-1936. ; 55:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While immunoglobulin (Ig) E is a prominent biomarker for early-onset, its levels are often elevated in non-allergic late-onset asthma. However, the pattern of IgE expression in the latter is mostly polyclonal, with specific IgEs low or below detection level albeit with an increased total IgE. In late-onset severe asthma patients, specific IgE to Staphylococcal enterotoxins (se-IgE) can frequently be detected in serum, and has been associated with asthma, with severe asthma defined by hospitalisations, oral steroid use and decrease in lung function. Recently,se-IgE was demonstrated to even predict the development into severe asthma with exacerbations over the next decade.Staphylococcus aureusmanipulates the airway mucosal immunology at various levelsviaits proteins, including superantigens, serine-protease-like proteins (Spls), or protein A (SpA) and possibly others. Release of IL-33 from respiratory epithelium and activation of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)viaits receptor ST2, type 2 cytokine release from those ILCs and T helper (Th) 2 cells, mast cell degranulation, massive local B-cell activation and IgE formation, and finally eosinophil attraction with consequent release of extracellular traps, adding to the epithelial damage and contributing to disease persistenceviaformation of Charcot–Leyden crystals are the most prominent hallmarks of the manipulation of the mucosal immunity byS. aureus. In summary,S. aureusclaims a prominent role in the orchestration of severe airway inflammation and in current and future disease severity. In this review, we discuss current knowledge in this field and outline the needs for future research to fully understand the impact ofS. aureusand its proteins on asthma.
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