| 1. |
- Kjellberg, Malin, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges in implementing PBL: Chalmers Formula Student as a case
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual SEFI Conference June 29-July 2, 2015 Orléans, France. - 9782873520120
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the past two decades, we have witnessed several worldwide calls for reform in engineering education. Despite these calls there is still a significant gap between educational research and practice [1]. Previous research has demonstrated that faculty are aware of student-centred teaching methods, believe in them and try them out, but find it difficult to deal with unexpected issues that arise and thus often return to more traditional teaching methods [2]. It is therefore important to identify, describe and deal with different types of challenges or barriers that have a direct bearing on educational development.In this paper, we use a case-study approach to identify and describe key challenges in relation to implementing project- and problem-based learning (PBL) in engineering education. Based on the first author’s experiences of running and developing the PBL course Chalmers Formula Student over six years, we give a thick description of challenges in connection to running a large multi-disciplinary Design-Build-Test, DBT, project. We also describe how these challenges have been addressed over the years. As a theoretical lens for identifying and describing these challenges, we draw on an extended constructive alignment framework [3].The challenges we identified do not only concern student learning or course design, but also the organisation of the course within the university and of the teacher team, different levels of communication: multicultural and cross-disciplinary within the teams, as well as external communication between the teacher team and the university, industry and society. Further challenges comprise the recruitment and composition of teams consisting of students with different skills as well as providing possibilities for the student teams to develop ownership of the project. It is also a challenge to run an industrial project and course in parallel, manifested here in the “two-hats” issue for the person acting as examiner and project manager.Some of these challenges we identified in a workshop discussing challenges with PBL courses, held by the authors at the international CDIO conference 2014 and attended by a broad spectre of teachers. The challenges discussed mainly concern course design, organisation, activities and especially assessment, which are the obvious and most important challenges when first implementing PBL methods. After some time managing a PBL course, this is especially true for large DBT projects, the full scope of challenges will unveil.These different challenges highlight the complexity of implementing PBL courses in engineering education and point to the importance of providing faculty with adequate support.
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| 2. |
- Antona, Jacobo, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Correlation of Global Head and Brain Tissue Injury Criteria to Experimental Concussion derived from Monkey Head Trauma Experiments
- 2013
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Ingår i: IRCOBI Conference. - 2235-3151. ; :IRC-13-55, s. 509-522
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of 24 frontal head traumatic impacts on macaques carried out in the past were simulatedwith a validated finite element model of the specimens. From these simulations, brain tissue response and headaccelerations were extracted. Based on the accelerations, global head injury criteria were calculated.Correlation between the brain tissue mechanical parameters, the global head injury criteria and the concussionscored in the experiments were analyzed. Based on this analysis, global head injury criteria that best correlatewith concussion score for frontal impacts were identified and injury risk functions for brain tissue that can beused for human FE models are proposed. In addition, the new results were compared to a previous study basedon simulations of 19 occipital head impacts from the same data source.
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| 3. |
- Arbogast, Kristy B, et al.
(författare)
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Child Occupant Protection: Latest Knowledge and Future Opportunities – Results of a 2015 Workshop in Gothenburg, Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: 13th International Conference on Protection of children in cars, December 3 – 4, Munich, Germany.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Child occupant protection research remains a critical need for industry, academia, government and safety advocacy organizations. While reductions in fatalities and serious injuries have been achieved, motor vehicle crashes remain a leading cause of death and disability for children and adolescents and as a result, represent a public health priority.To facilitate international coordination and sharing of knowledge around this topic, the fourth biennial international workshop on Child Occupant Protection was convened in September 2015, bringing together worldwide leaders in the fields of child occupant protection, biomechanics, and auto safety to critically review the state-of-knowledge in the field and identify high-priority research topics and strategize toward their implementation.Summaries of previous workshops were presented at the 2011 and 2013 Protection of Children in Cars Conferences. The following describes the recommendations that emanated from the 2015 meeting.
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| 4. |
- Brindefalk, B., et al.
(författare)
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Bacterial composition in Swedish raw drinking water reveals three major interacting ubiquitous metacommunities
- 2022
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Ingår i: Microbiologyopen. - : Wiley. - 2045-8827. ; 11:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Surface raw water used as a source for drinking water production is a critical resource, sensitive to contamination. We conducted a study on Swedish raw water sources, aiming to identify mutually co-occurring metacommunities of bacteria, and environmental factors driving such patterns. Methods The water sources were different regarding nutrient composition, water quality, and climate characteristics, and displayed various degrees of anthropogenic impact. Water inlet samples were collected at six drinking water treatment plants over 3 years, totaling 230 samples. The bacterial communities of DNA sequenced samples (n = 175), obtained by 16S metabarcoding, were analyzed using a joint model for taxa abundance. Results Two major groups of well-defined metacommunities of microorganisms were identified, in addition to a third, less distinct, and taxonomically more diverse group. These three metacommunities showed various associations to the measured environmental data. Predictions for the well-defined metacommunities revealed differing sets of favored metabolic pathways and life strategies. In one community, taxa with methanogenic metabolism were common, while a second community was dominated by taxa with carbohydrate and lipid-focused metabolism. Conclusion The identification of ubiquitous persistent co-occurring bacterial metacommunities in freshwater habitats could potentially facilitate microbial source tracking analysis of contamination issues in freshwater sources.
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| 5. |
- Brolin, Karin, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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A prestudy of the potential of using finite element analysis for understanding horse accidents
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This prestudy is an investigation into the potential of using the THUMS [5] model and LS-Dyna [6] simulations to understand the risk of thorax injury in horse related accidents such as horse kicks, tramples, falls from horse backs or rotational falls. A simple model of a security vest was also developed for the THUMS model, to facilitate injury risk comparisons with and without the vest. The severity of thorax injuries was quantified by measuring local stresses and strains in the cortical bone of the ribs, as well as the total deformation of the thorax, measured with Dmax and DcTHOR [2]. This prestudy attempt to answer five questions:•What is the worst location on the chest to be trampled by a horse with respect to rib fractures?•How does the stiffness of the ground compound affect the risk of rib fractures when trampled by a horse?•How does the risk of thorax injuries vary when falling off a horseback in different angles?•How does the momentum of a horse kick affect the risk of thorax injury on the THUMS model with and without a protective vest?•How can a rotational fall be modelled and how severe is the injury outcome?Simulations were set up in LS-Dyna with the THUMS model representing the human body with different environments built up around it representing the scenarios in the five questions. The structure of the report follows the five questions through both the method and results sections.
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| 6. |
- Brolin, Karin, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Active Child Models for Traffic Safety Research Interim Report 2, October 2013
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The project Active Child Models for Traffic Safety Research is funded by Folksams Forskningsstiftelse. The overall project aim is to increase the safety of child car occupants and thereby reduce the number of traffic induced injuries in 3 to 12 year-old children. The specific aim is to create a computer model of a child that includes active musculature. Based on literature review of child numerical models it was decided to proceed with child multi body models in the MADYMO code (TASS, Rijswijk, the Netherlands). The 6 and 10 year-old child facet models, the Q6, Q10 and Hybrid III 6 year-old ATD models were compared regarding kinematics to experimental data with child volunteers in 1 g braking and steering events. The ATD models did not represent the experimental ATD response. The child facet models represented the child volunteers for about 3-400 ms of the events, and after that behaved cadaver like with much larger head and sternum displacement compared to the volunteers. Then, the child facet model representing the 6 year-old child was chosen to implement muscle activity. Muscle activity was represented by an active spine that applied torques at each vertebral joint in response to joint angle changes in two directions: flexion-extension motions and lateral bending. A partial, integrative and derivative controller governed with input from angular sensors controlled torque actuators. The controller gains were based on adult data and scaled by 50% for a first version of the active child model. Then, an optimization approach was adopted to tune the control gains in the lumbar, thoracic and cervical spine such that head and sternum kinematics would correlate to the mean values from the volunteer braking and steering experiments. The first version of the active child model had a significantly improved biofidelity compared to the original facet model, with shape and magnitude of head and sternum displacements similar to the volunteer data. The optimization created non biofidelic gain combinations, although providing important input to future work. It is necessary to perform a reanalyses of the experimental data in order to have data for powerful performance criteria in future optimizations. Future work is needed to improve the optimization and provide controller gains based on child volunteer data, rather than scaled adult data. Then, the tuned active child model has to be validated to new experimental data sets. A new steering and braking experiment with approximately 1 g acceleration loading was performed during 2013 and will provide a good validation data set. Also, there is a data set with child volunteers in sled test of approximately 4 g that can be used. Then, the active model is suitable to perform parameters studies of how child restraints design, emergency manoeuver characteristics and child posture influences the safety of children in the rear seat.
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| 7. |
- Brolin, Karin, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Active Spine Modeling Representing a 6 Year-Old Child
- 2014
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Ingår i: 7th World Congress of Biomechanics.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In a car crash, properly restrained forward facing children may sustain head injuries due to contact with the car interior. Emergency events such as braking and steering will influence the kinematics of the child, thereby affecting the child’s interaction with the restraint systems. Volunteer experiments (Stockman et al. 2013) have shown that children around six years of age, properly restrained on a booster cushion, may slip out of the shoulder belt during a 1g emergency event, while older children can maintain their posture better. A numerical human body model of the 6 year-old would be a valuable tool to study and improve the performance of restraint systems in the pre-crash phase. Compared to a crash, an emergency event typically has low g and long duration loading; hence, the muscle activity will influence the kinematics of the child. Therefore, the aim of this work is to develop an active 6 year-old human body model.The 6 year-old facet occupant multi body model in the MADYMO code (TASS, Rijswijk, the Netherlands) was selected. The spine is composed of rigid vertebral bodies connected with spherical joints. Muscle activity was implemented by applying torques at each vertebral joint for flexion-extension and lateral bending. The torque actuators were controlled by proportional, integrative and derivative controllers comparing the current joint angles to an initial posture reference value. The controller gains were based on adult data and scaled by 50% for a first version of the active child model. The resulting active 6 year-old model was used to simulate the volunteer experiments by Stockman et al. 2013. The model was seated on a booster cushion and loaded with the average experimental pulse. The first version of the active child model had a significantly improved biofidelity compared to the original facet model, with shape and magnitude of displacements similar to the volunteer data, see Figure.It is concluded that the first version active 6 year-old model can reproduce this specific emergency event. Future work should focus on controller gain optimization and further validation.
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| 8. |
- Brolin, Karin, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Aiming for an average female virtual human body model for seat performance assessment in rear-end impacts
- 2015
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Ingår i: The 24th ESV Conference Proceedings.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The female part of the population suffers more Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD) in car crashes than males. Several studies have illustrated the need to consider the female population when developing and assessing the WAD prevention performance of advanced restraint systems in rear-end collisions. Presently only one crash test dummy is available, the average sized male BioRID. Recently a virtual dummy model of an average female, EvaRID, was developed and used in rear impact simulations. The results stressed the need for models representing the female part of the population, as well. Virtual crash simulations have become essential in traffic safety and with models of both an average male and female, further steps in addressing improved assessment of WAD prevention can be taken. The present paper presents a starting point of research aiming to develop an open-source average female Finite Element (FE) model with an anatomically detailed cervical spine. This paper provides a review of the literature to identify gender specific neck biomechanics and anatomical differences, followed by a review of published FE models of the cervical spine. Data on vertebral body dimensions (height, width, depth, spinal canal diameter, facet joint angles) have been compiled from biomechanical literature. Significant gender differences exist for the vertebral body depth and width, the spinal curvature in the seated posture, and the spinal stiffness and range of motion. All have the potential to influence the outcome of an impact and should be accounted for in the development of WAD prevention. The review of FE models of the cervical spine presented 17 models based on male geometry but only one model scaled to represent a female. An overview of the models are given with respect to the solver, geometry source, number of elements, and implementation of the facet joints, ligaments, and muscles. It is recommended that an average female model is developed with focus on; 1) the shape of the female vertebral body, especially the depth and width that provides less support area than for males,2) defining the spinal curvature representative of seated female volunteers who generally display less lordosis than males, 3) the dimensions of the spinal ligaments, rather than the material properties, to capture the larger range of motion and less spinal stiffness of female subjects compared to males, and validation to female volunteers and PMHS tests for range of motion, while failure prediction seem less gender sensitive.
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| 9. |
- Brolin, Karin, 1974
(författare)
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Biomekanik och skadeprevention
- 2015
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Ingår i: Elitidrottskonferens.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den grundläggande forskning inom biomekanik med fokus på människans skadetoleranser och skyddsprinciper inom trafiksäkerhet kan användas inom sport och idrott för att minimera skaderisker, med bibehållen eller ökad idrottsprestation.
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| 10. |
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