| 1. |
- Beal, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
- 2020
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Ingår i: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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| 2. |
- Burns, Georgette Leah, et al.
(författare)
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When the wildlife you watch becomes the food you eat : Exploring moral and ethical dilemmas when consumptive and non-consumptive tourism merge
- 2018
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Ingår i: Animals, food, and tourism. - New York : Routledge. - 9781138291607 - 9781315265209 ; , s. 25-35
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the context of wildlife tourism, human experiences with other species are often divided into the binary categories of consumptive and non-consumptive interactions. What happens when the same person values a species, and interacts with it, in both categories? The aim of this chapter is to explore moral and ethical issues inherent in tourism experiences where tourists both watch and eat the same species. The work also seeks to contribute to filling an identified gap in the tourism literature concerning moral issues associated with the use of animals as food (Yudina & Fennell, 2013).Although the chapter is primarily a theoretical piece, two case studies examining whale watching and whale eating, and seal watching and seal eating, in Iceland are included. These provide practical examples of the decision-making dilemmas when consumptive and non-consumptive forms of wildlife tourism merge.
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| 3. |
- Clerx, Lies, et al.
(författare)
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Measurements of medial temporal lobe atrophy for prediction of Alzheimer's disease in subjects with mild cognitive impairment
- 2013
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Ingår i: Neurobiology of Aging. - : Elsevier BV. - 1558-1497 .- 0197-4580. ; 34:8, s. 2003-2013
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our aim was to compare the predictive accuracy of 4 different medial temporal lobe measurements for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Manual hippocampal measurement, automated atlas-based hippocampal measurement, a visual rating scale (MTA-score), and lateral ventricle measurement were compared. Predictive accuracy for AD 2 years after baseline was assessed by receiver operating characteristics analyses with area under the curve as outcome. Annual cognitive decline was assessed by slope analyses up to 5 years after baseline. Correlations with biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were investigated. Subjects with MCI were selected from the Development of Screening Guidelines and Clinical Criteria for Predementia AD (DESCRIPA) multicenter study (n = 156) and the single-center VU medical center (n = 172). At follow-up, area under the curve was highest for automated atlas-based hippocampal measurement (0.71) and manual hippocampal measurement (0.71), and lower for MTA-score (0.65) and lateral ventricle (0.60). Slope analysis yielded similar results. Hippocampal measurements correlated with CSF total tau and phosphorylated tau, not with beta-amyloid 1-42. MTA-score and lateral ventricle volume correlated with CSF beta-amyloid 1-42. We can conclude that volumetric hippocampal measurements are the best predictors of AD conversion in subjects with MCI. (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Fennell, David A., et al.
(författare)
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Tourism, animals & the vacant niche : a scoping review and pedagogical agenda
- 2024
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Ingår i: Current Issues in Tourism. - : Routledge. - 1368-3500 .- 1747-7603. ; , s. 1-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The topic of animal ethics has advanced in tourism studies since its inception in 2000, based on a diverse range of studies on species involvement, types of uses and contexts, level of engagement, states of animals, and theoretical perspectives. While there is still considerable scope to amplify research on animal-based tourism, a gap exists in tourism pedagogy amidst the field’s emphasis on a new expanding consciousness platform. We review the depth of existing scholarship on animal ethics in tourism and develop an agenda for advancing animal ethics pedagogy for the future. Our intent is to issue a call to action for curriculum committees, programme administrators, and educators to recognise and act on this critical moral domain in tourism education.
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| 5. |
- Lilja Öqvist, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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Seal watching : An investigation of codes of conduct
- 2018
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Ingår i: Tourism in Marine Environments. - 1544-273X .- 2169-0197. ; 13:1, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seal watching as a form of wildlife tourism is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. Behavioral changes caused by the presence of tourists could lead to negative consequences for seal welfare and may affect reproduction and survival. Therefore, managing seal-watching activities to ensure future protection and conservation is important. Codes of conduct or guidelines for how to behave around animals are one way to regulate wildlife watching and are often easier and quicker to implement than laws. Codes explaining the consequences for wildlife if the code is not followed appeal to the moral obligation of tourists and thereby increase incentives to act appropriately. This study focused on analyzing the content of codes of conduct for seal watching. Codes of conduct (n = 33) accessible on the internet during the time of study were analyzed. Results show that in many areas where seal watching occurs there are no regulations or guidelines. The content and detail of the codes varied and the information was often insufficient to offer adequate protection of seals. Few of the codes were developed in cooperation with scientists or stated that the content was based on research. Further, a majority of the codes did not explain the consequences for wildlife if the code was not followed. More research on seals and the tourists watching them is needed to better understand the effects of tourism and how disturbance could be minimized. Meanwhile, developing an international code of conduct (with local additions) built on existing knowledge in the field could be one option to increase protection and ensure conservation of these animals. The results presented in this article could assist the development of such a code of conduct.
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| 6. |
- Marscall, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Interpretation in Wildlife Tourism : Assessing the effectiveness of signage on visitor behaviour at a seal watching site in Iceland
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The effectiveness of signage as a means of modifying visitor behaviour with the aim of reducing negative impacts on wildlife was assessed at a seal watching site on Vatnsnes peninsula in North West Iceland. From July to September 2014, the actions of 2440 visitors were observed and their behaviour recorded. To test whether this type of interpretive information influences human behaviour, signs with either deontological (instructions without explanation) or teleological (instructions with explanation) information were positioned along the path to the site. A control group, where no signs were provided, was also observed. Our results show that the majority of visitor behaviour was influenced when signs were present and that under some conditions teleological signs were more effective than deontological. The type of group visiting the was found to significantly influence behaviour, with families having the most intrusive behaviour compared to singles, couples or other groups. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how interpretative signage can modify tourist behaviour to facilitate sustainable wildlife tourism. The use of teleological signs for managing wildlife tourism activities is recommended because they are at least as effective as deontological signs. In addition, signage and other management strategies should address the different needs and responses relevant to the nature of the tourist group visiting the site. Special focus should be placed on families when signs are designed because this group type showed the highest probability of causing disturbance at the site.
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| 7. |
- Marschall, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Interpretation in wildlife tourism : Assessing the effectiveness of signage on visitor behaviour at a seal watching site in Iceland
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Outdoor Recreation. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-0780 .- 2213-0799. ; 17, s. 11-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effectiveness of interpretive signage as a means of modifying visitor behaviour to reduce negative impacts on wildlife was tested empirically at a seal watching site on Vatnsnes peninsula in North West Iceland. From July to September 2014, the actions of 2440 visitors were observed and their behaviour recorded. To test the importance of how interpretive information is presented, signs with either ontological ( instructions without explanation) or teleological ( instructions with explanation) information were positioned along the path towards the site. A control group, to which no signs were provided, was also observed. Our results show that the majority of the tested behaviour was influenced when signs were present and that under some conditions teleological signs were more effective than ontological. The type of visitor group was found to significantly influence behaviour, with families having the most intrusive behaviour compared to singles, couples or other groups. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of how interpretative signage can modify tourist behaviour to facilitate sustainable wildlife tourism. The use of teleological signs for managing wildlife tourism activities is recommended because they are more effective than ontological signs in terms of modifying the general visitor behaviour. In addition, signage and other management strategies should address the different needs and responses relevant to the nature of the tourist group visiting the site. Special focus should be placed on families when signs are designed because this group type showed the highest probability of causing disturbance at the site. Management implications: In this paper we show that interpretation through signage can be a useful tool for sustainable development and management of wildlife watching. We recommend the following when designing interpretive signs: Visitors should be provided with teleological, rather than ontological, information. Signs should include illustrations with informative text. The information provided should take care to address families because they show the most intrusive behaviour. Information should be offered in multiple languages, as appropriate, to make information accessible to the greatest number of visitors. The content of the information should include practical information about wildlife protection, take home messages and comparisons between wildlife and humans to enable visitors to more readily establish a psychological connection with the wildlife. Although signage has many advantages, other methods for conveying information, such as guided tours with educated guides, are suggested as a way of supplementing signs.
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| 8. |
- van Rossum, Ineke A, et al.
(författare)
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Injury markers predict time to dementia in subjects with MCI and amyloid pathology.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Neurology. - 1526-632X. ; 79:17, s. 1809-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alzheimer disease (AD) can now be diagnosed in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using biomarkers. However, little is known about the rate of decline in those subjects. In this cohort study, we aimed to assess the conversion rate to dementia and identify prognostic markers in subjects with MCI and evidence of amyloid pathology.
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