| 1. |
- Blunden, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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State of the Climate in 2012
- 2013
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Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 94:8, s. S1-S258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the first time in serveral years, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation did not dominate regional climate conditions around the globe. A weak La Ni a dissipated to ENSOneutral conditions by spring, and while El Nino appeared to be emerging during summer, this phase never fully developed as sea surface temperatures in the eastern conditions. Nevertheless, other large-scale climate patterns and extreme weather events impacted various regions during the year. A negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation from mid-January to early February contributed to frigid conditions in parts of northern Africa, eastern Europe, and western Asia. A lack of rain during the 2012 wet season led to the worst drought in at least the past three decades for northeastern Brazil. Central North America also experienced one of its most severe droughts on record. The Caribbean observed a very wet dry season and it was the Sahel's wettest rainy season in 50 years. Overall, the 2012 average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces ranked among the 10 warmest years on record. The global land surface temperature alone was also among the 10 warmest on record. In the upper atmosphere, the average stratospheric temperature was record or near-record cold, depending on the dataset. After a 30-year warming trend from 1970 to 1999 for global sea surface temperatures, the period 2000-12 had little further trend. This may be linked to the prevalence of La Ni a-like conditions during the 21st century. Heat content in the upper 700 m of the ocean remained near record high levels in 2012. Net increases from 2011 to 2012 were observed at 700-m to 2000-m depth and even in the abyssal ocean below. Following sharp decreases in to the effects of La Ni a, sea levels rebounded to reach records highs in 2012. The increased hydrological cycle seen in recent years continued, with more evaporation in drier locations and more precipitation in rainy areas. In a pattern that has held since 2004, salty areas of the ocean surfaces and subsurfaces were anomalously salty on average, while fresher areas were anomalously fresh. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2012 was near average, with a total of 84 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010 and 2011, the North Atlantic was the only hurricane basin that experienced above-normal activity. In this basin, Sandy brought devastation to Cuba and parts of the eastern North American seaboard. All other basins experienced either near-or below-normal tropical cyclone activity. Only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity-all in Bopha became the only storm in the historical record to produce winds greater than 130 kt south of 7 N. It was also the costliest storm to affect the Philippines and killed more than 1000 residents. Minimum Arctic sea ice extent in September and Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent in June both reached new record lows. June snow cover extent is now declining at a faster rate (-17.6% per decade) than September sea ice extent (-13.0% per decade). Permafrost temperatures reached record high values in northernmost Alaska. A new melt extent record occurred on 11-12 July on the Greenland ice sheet; 97% of the ice sheet showed some form of melt, four times greater than the average melt for this time of year. The climate in Antarctica was relatively stable overall. The largest maximum sea ice extent since records begain in 1978 was observed in September 2012. In the stratosphere, warm air led to the second smallest ozone hole in the past two decades. Even so, the springtime ozone layer above Antarctica likely will not return to its early 1980s state until about 2060. Following a slight decline associated with the global 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production reached a record 9.5 +/- 0.5 Pg C in 2011 and a new record of 9.7 +/- 0.5 Pg C is estimated for 2012. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations increased by 2.1 ppm in 2012, to 392.6 ppm. In spring 2012, 2 concentration exceeded 400 ppm at 7 of the 13 Arctic observation sites. Globally, other greenhouse gases including methane and nitrous oxide also continued to rise in concentration and the combined effect now represents a 32% increase in radiative forcing over a 1990 baseline. Concentrations of most ozone depleting substances continued to fall.
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| 2. |
- Arvidsson, Per I., et al.
(författare)
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Preparation of imidazolylpyrimidine derivatives for treatment of glycogen synthase kinase 3 related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
- 2010
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Patent (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Title compds. I [R1 = H or F; R2 and R3 independently = H or Me], and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are prepd. and disclosed as agents for treatment of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Thus, e.g., II.HCl was prepd. by reductive amination of 4-bromo-3-fluorobenzaldehyde with (S)-3-methylmorpholine followed by amination with 2-amino-5-fluoro-4-(2-methyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl)pyrimidine. Select I were evaluated for GSK3β inhibitory activity, and e.g., II·HCl demonstrated a Ki value of 30 nM. [on SciFinder(R)]
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| 3. |
- Arvidsson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Preparation of arylimidazopyridine derivatives for use as GSK3 modulators.
- 2008
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Patent (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Title compds. I [A = (un)substituted aryl or heteroaryl; Q = halo; R1 = C(O)NR6R7; R2 and R4 independently = H, halo, CN, NO2, alkyl, or haloalkyl; R3 and R5 independently = H, halo, alkyl, or haloalkyl; R6 and R7 = together with the atoms to which they are attached form an (un)substituted heterocyclic ring contg. one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S;], and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are prepd. and disclosed as glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) modulators. Thus, e.g., II•HCl was prepd. by cyclocondensation of 5-bromopyridine-2,3-diamine with terephthalic monomethyl ester followed by chlorination, iodination, sapon., amidation with N-methylpiperazine, and coupling with 4-methoxyphenyl boronic acid. I were evaluated in GSK3β scintillation proximity assays, e.g., II•HCl demonstrated an Ki value of 97 nM. [on SciFinder(R)]
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| 4. |
- Arvidsson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Preparation of imidazopyridinecarboxamide derivatives for use as GSK3 modulators.
- 2008
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Patent (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Title compds. I [Q = halo; R1 = CH2NR3R4; each R2 independently = H or alkyl; R3 and R4 = together with the atoms to which they are attached form an (un)substituted heterocyclic ring contg. one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S; R6 = H or alkyl; R7 = H, (un)substituted alkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, or heteroaryl], and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are prepd. and disclosed as glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) modulators. Thus, e.g., II•HCl was prepd. by cyclocondensation of 5-bromopyridine-2,3-diamine with terephthalic monomethyl ester followed by chlorination, iodination, sapon., amidation with morpholine, redn., and coupling with carbon monoxide and 3-methoxy-1-propanamine. I were evaluated in GSK3β scintillation proximity assays, e.g., II•HCl demonstrated an Ki value of 390 nM. [on SciFinder(R)]
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| 5. |
- Burrows, Jeremy, et al.
(författare)
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Preparation of imidazolyl-pyrimidine derivatives as GSK3 inhibitors.
- 2008
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Patent (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Title compds. I [R1 = sulfamoyl, carbamoyl or -R5-R6 and N linked (un)substituted 4- to 7-membered satd. ring which optionally contains an addnl. N, O or S; R5 = O, C(O), C(O)O, C(O)NH, etc., R6 = (un)substituted alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl; at least one of X1, X2, X3 and X4 = N, the other three independently = N or C(R9), wherein R9 = H, halo, CN, OH, NH2, alkyl or alkoxy; provided that not more than two of X1, X2, X3 or X4 = N; R2 = halo or CN; R3 = Me, (un)substituted 3-tetrahydropyranyl or 4-tetrahydropyranyl; R4 = H, halo, CN or (un)substituted alkyl], and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are prepd. and disclosed as glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibitors. Thus, e.g., II was prepd. by amidation of 3,5-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid with piperidine followed by coupling reaction with 5-fluoro-4-[2-methyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl]pyrimidin-2-amine, which was prepd. starting from 5-methyl-4-aminoisoxazole and tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-one in 5 steps. All the exemplar compds. were evaluated for their GSK3 inhibitory activity in GSK3 inhibition assays with typical Ki values ranging from 0.001 to 10,000 nM. For instance, II exhibited a Ki value of 7 nM. As inhibitors of GSK3, I should prove useful in treatment and prevention of GSK3 assocd. diseases including Alzheimer's disease. [on SciFinder(R)]
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| 6. |
- Currie, Thayne, et al.
(författare)
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Direct imaging and astrometric detection of a gas giant planet orbiting an accelerating star
- 2023
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Ingår i: Science. - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 380:6641, s. 198-203
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Direct imaging of gas giant exoplanets provides information on their atmospheres and the architectures of planetary systems. However, few planets have been detected in blind surveys with direct imaging. Using astrometry from the Gaia and Hipparcos spacecraft, we identified dynamical evidence for a gas giant planet around the nearby star HIP 99770. We confirmed the detection of this planet with direct imaging using the Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme Adaptive Optics instrument. The planet, HIP 99770 b, orbits 17 astronomical units from its host star, receiving an amount of light similar to that reaching Jupiter. Its dynamical mass is 13.9 to 16.1 Jupiter masses. The planet-to-star mass ratio [(7 to 8) × 10−3] is similar to that of other directly imaged planets. The planet’s atmospheric spectrum indicates an older, less cloudy analog of the previously imaged exoplanets around HR 8799.
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