| 1. |
- Angelov, Krasimir, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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A Framework for Conflict Analysis of Normative Texts Written in Controlled Natural Language
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming. - : Elsevier BV. - 1567-8326. ; 82:5-7, s. 216-240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we are concerned with the analysis of normative conflicts, or the detection of conflicting obligations, permissions and prohibitions in normative texts written in a Controlled Natural Language (CNL). For this we present AnaCon, a proof-of-concept system where normative texts written in CNL are automatically translated into the formal language CL using the Grammatical Framework (GF). Such CL expressions are then analysed for normative conflicts by the CLAN tool, which gives counter-examples in cases where conflicts are found. The framework also uses GF to give a CNL version of the counter-example, helping the user to identify the conflicts in the original text. We detail the application of AnaCon to two case studies and discuss the effectiveness of our approach.
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| 2. |
- Camilleri, John J., 1986, et al.
(författare)
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A web-based tool for analysing normative documents in english
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. ; Part F137816, s. 1865-1872
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our goal is to use formal methods to analyse normative documents written in English, such as privacy policies and regulations. This requires the combination of a number of different elements, including information extraction from natural language, formal languages for model representation, and an interface for property specification and verification. A number of components for performing these tasks have separately been developed: a natural language extraction tool, a suitable formalism for representing such documents, an interface for building models in this formalism, and methods for answering queries asked of a given model. In this work, each of these concerns is brought together in a web-based tool, providing a single interface for analysing normative texts in English. Through the use of a running example, we describe each component and demonstrate the workflow established by our tool.
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| 3. |
- Camilleri, John J., 1986
(författare)
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Analysing normative contracts : On the semantic gap between natural and formal languages
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Normative contracts are documents written in natural language, such as English or Swedish, which describe the permissions, obligations, and prohibitions of two or more parties over a set of actions, including descriptions of the penalties which must be payed when the main norms are violated. We encounter such texts frequently in our daily lives in the form of privacy policies, software licenses, and service agreements. The length and dense linguistic style of such contracts often makes them difficult to follow for non-experts, and many people agree to these legally-binding documents without even reading them. By investigating the processing of normative texts, how they can be modelled formally using a suitable logic, and what kinds of properties can be automatically tested on our models, we hope to produce end-user tools which can take a natural language contract as input, highlight any potentially problematic clauses, and allow a user to easily ask questions about the implications of the contract, getting a meaningful answer in natural language within a reasonable amount of time. This thesis includes four research articles by the author which investigate the various components that a system such as this would require; from entity recognition and modality extraction on natural language texts, to controlled natural languages and visual diagrams as modelling interfaces, to logical formalisms which can be used for contract representation, to the different kinds of analysis possible and how this can be linked to user questions in natural language.
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| 4. |
- Camilleri, John J., 1986
(författare)
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Analysing normative contracts
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Normative contracts are documents written in natural language, such as English or Swedish, which describe the permissions, obligations, and prohibitions of two or more parties over a set of actions, including descriptions of the penalties which must be payed when the main norms are violated. We encounter such texts frequently in our daily lives in the form of privacy policies, software licenses, and service agreements. The length and dense linguistic style of such contracts often makes them difficult to follow for non-experts, and many people agree to these legally-binding documents without even reading them.By investigating the processing of normative texts, how they can be modelled formally using a suitable logic, and what kinds of properties can be automatically tested on our models, we hope to produce end-user tools which can take a natural language contract as input, highlight any potentially problematic clauses, and allow a user to easily ask questions about the implications of the contract, getting a meaningful answer in natural language within a reasonable amount of time.This thesis includes four research articles by the author which investigate the various components that a system such as this would require; from entity recognition and modality extraction on natural language texts, to controlled natural languages and visual diagrams as modelling interfaces, to logical formalisms which can be used for contract representation, to the different kinds of analysis possible and how this can be linked to user questions in natural language.
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| 5. |
- Camilleri, John J., 1986
(författare)
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Contracts and Computation — Formal modelling and analysis for normative natural language
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Whether we are aware of it or not, our digital lives are governed by contracts of various kinds, such as privacy policies, software licenses, service agreements, and regulations. At their essence, normative documents like these dictate the permissions, obligations, and prohibitions of two or more parties entering into an agreement, including the penalties which must be paid when someone breaks the rules. Such documents are often lengthy and hard to understand, and most people tend to agree to these legally binding contracts without ever reading them. Our goal is to create tools which can take a natural language document as input and allow an end user to easily ask questions about its implications, getting back meaningful answers in natural language within a reasonable amount of time. We do this by bringing formal methods to the analysis of normative texts, investigating how they can be effectively modelled and the kinds of automatic processing that these models enable. This thesis includes six research papers by the author which cover the various aspects of this approach: entity recognition and modality extraction from natural language, controlled natural languages and visual diagrams as interfaces for modelling, logical formalisms which can be used for contract representation, and analysis via syntactic filtering, trace evaluation, random testing, and model checking. These components are then combined into a prototype tool for end users, allowing for end-to-end analysis of normative texts in natural language.
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| 6. |
- Camilleri, John J., 1986
(författare)
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Digitizing the grammar and vocabulary of Maltese
- 2016
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Ingår i: "Shifts and Patterns in Maltese", Studia Typologica. - : Mouton De Gruyter. - 1617-2957. - 9783110495638 ; , s. 359-386
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Maltese language is highly under-resourced in digital terms. This work presents the current status of two new computational resources for Maltese. We first describe a computational grammar implemented using the Grammatical Framework (GF), where Maltese is the first Semitic language to be added to its Resource Grammar Library (RGL). We then introduce Ġabra, an open online lexical database for Maltese compiled from pre-existing resources. Using the grammar to generate some 4 million inflection forms, we go on to extend the collection and present it as an open, online platform and basis for a full-form computational lexicon for Maltese.
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| 7. |
- Camilleri, John J., 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Extracting formal models from normative texts
- 2016
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume 9612. - Cham : Springer. - 0302-9743 .- 1611-3349. - 9783319417547 ; , s. 403-408
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Normative texts are documents based on the deontic notions of obligation, permission, and prohibition. Our goal is model such texts using the C-O Diagram formalism, making them amenable to formal analysis, in particular verifying that a text satisfies properties concerning causality of actions and timing constraints. We present an experimental, semi-automatic aid to bridge the gap between a normative text and its formal representation. Our approach uses dependency trees combined with our own rules and heuristics for extracting the relevant components. The resulting tabular data can then be converted into a C-O Diagram.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Camilleri, John J., 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling and analysis of normative documents
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-2208 .- 2352-2216. ; 91, s. 33-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We are interested in using formal methods to analyse normative documents or contracts such as terms of use, privacy policies, and service agreements. We begin by modelling such documents in terms of obligations, permissions and prohibitions of agents over actions, restricted by timing constraints and including potential penalties resulting from the non-fulfilment of clauses. This is done using the C-O Diagram formalism, which we have extended syntactically and for which we have defined a new trace semantics. Models in this formalism can then be translated into networks of timed automata, and we have a complete working implementation of this translation. The network of automata is used as a specification of a normative document, making it amenable to verification against given properties. By applying this approach to a case study from a real-world contract, we show the kinds of analysis possible through both syntactic querying on the structure of the model, as well as verification of properties using UPPAAL.
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| 10. |
- Caprotti, Olga, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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High-quality translation: Molto tools and applications
- 2012
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Ingår i: The fourth Swedish Language Technology Conference (SLTC).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- MOLTO (Multilingual On Line Translation, FP7-ICT-247914, www.molto-project.eu) is a European project focusing on translation on the web. MOLTO targets translation that has production quality, that is, usable for quick and reliable dissemination of information. MOLTO’s main focus is to increase the productivity of such translation systems, building on the technology of GF (Grammatical Framework) and its Resource Grammar Library. But MOLTO also develops hybrid methods which increase the quality of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) by adding linguistic information, or bootstrap grammatical models from statistical models. This paper gives a brief overview of MOLTO’s latest achievements, many of which are more thoroughly described in separate papers and available as web-based demos and as open-source software.
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