| 1. |
- Bagues, Manuel F., et al.
(författare)
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Can gender quotas in candidate lists empower women? Evidence from a regression discontinuity design
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier: 24 months. - 0047-2727. ; 194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We provide a comprehensive analysis of the short- and medium-term effects of gender quotas in candidate lists using evidence from local elections in Spain. In the context of a closed list system with proportional representation, quotas were introduced in 2007 in municipalities with more than 5000 inhabitants, and were extended in 2011 to municipalities with more than 3000 inhabitants. Using a Regression Discontinuity Design, we find that quotas increased the share of women in candidate lists by around 8 p.p. and among council members by 4 p.p. However, within three rounds of elections, we do not observe any significant variation in several proxies of politicians’ quality, the probability that women reach powerful positions such as party leader or mayor, or the size and composition of public finances. Overall, our analysis suggests that quotas in candidate lists fail to remove the barriers that prevent women from playing an influential role in politics.
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| 2. |
- Bagues, Manuel F., et al.
(författare)
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Women and power: Unpopular, unwilling, or held back? A comment
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Political Economy. - : University of Chicago Press. - 1537-534X .- 0022-3808. ; 128:5, s. 2010-2016
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Casas-Arce and Saiz (2015) study how gender quotas in candidate lists affect voting behavior using evidence fromthe introduction of quotas in the 2007 Spanish local elections in municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants. Using a difference-in-differences strategy, they show that parties that listed fewer female candidates in the previous election obtained more votes in the subsequent election in larger municipalities, a pattern that they attribute to the quota.We show robustness and placebo tests suggesting that the quota did not have an economically or statistically significant impact on voting behavior.
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| 3. |
- Campa, Pamela, et al.
(författare)
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Addressing Environmental Justice through In-Kind Court Settlements
- 2024
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-774X .- 1945-7731. ; 16:1, s. 415-446
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In US environmental court cases, a cash penalty can be mitigated if a defendant volunteers to undertake an in-kind project, such as retrofitting school buses or building a public park. A goal of the policy is to address environmental justice concerns for low-income and minority populations, yet the historical record shows in-kind settlements most likely occur in cases involving high-income, majority-White communities. A choice experiment reveals that the public prefers in-kind settlements over cash, and a randomized survey reveals in-kind settlements improve the public’s view of a violating firm, consistent with our finding of positive stock market reactions to in-kind settlements.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Campa, Pamela, et al.
(författare)
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Gender Culture and Gender Gap in Employment
- 2011
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Ingår i: CESifo Economic Studies. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1610-241X .- 1612-7501. ; 57:1, s. 156-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article analyzes to what extent gender culture affects gender gap in employment. Drawing on Italian data, we measure culture by building two indices: one based on individuals' attitudes, as done in the existing literature; one based on firms' attitudes. Firms' beliefs, which express their set of ideas, values and norms, though generally neglected, are as important as individuals' attitudes to explain female labor market outcomes. Using an instrumental variable analysis, we show that our index of gender culture based on firms' attitudes is significant in explaining gender gap in employment in Italian provinces. We show that the same holds when culture is measured with reference to individual attitudes. (JEL code: J16).
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| 6. |
- Campa, Pamela, 1983-
(författare)
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Media Influence on Pollution, and Gender Equality
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of three essays.The first essay, "Press and Leaks: Do Newspapers Reduce Toxic Emissions?", uses data on plant-level emissions in 2001-2009 from the Toxic Release Inventory of the US Environmental Protection Agency, coupled with data on location and content of newspapers, to investigate whether media coverage induces firms to reduce toxic emissions. The results show that an increase in Newspapers Density, that is the number of newspapers nearby the plant, raises the press coverage of the plant's toxic emissions and reduces the amount of these emissions. This association is larger in industries exposed to consumer pressure and in counties subjected to extreme negative health outcomes.The second essay, "Gender Quotas, Female Politicians and Public Expenditures: Quasi-Experimental Evidence", estimates the effect of gender quotas on the election of female politicians and on public finance decisions in Spanish municipalities, using a Before-After Regression Discontinuity Design. Gender quotas have increased the percentage of female candidates and also, but to a lower extent, the percentage of female councilors. The difference between the two effects is due to the strategic positioning of candidates within lists. The effect of quotas on the election of female mayors and on the size and composition of municipal expenditures is not statistically different from zero.The third essay, "Are attitudes endogenous to political regimes? Beliefs about working women in state-socialist countries", studies whether individual beliefs about gender roles are endogenous to political regimes, using a Difference-in-Differences analysis. The results suggest a significant difference in the evolution of attitudes towards gender roles between Europeans in state-socialist countries and other Europeans during the period 1947-1991. Central and Eastern Europeans who formed their attitudes during state socialism seem more likely to hold progressive beliefs regarding working women.
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| 7. |
- Campa, Pamela
(författare)
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Press and leaks: Do newspapers reduce toxic emissions?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier. - 0095-0696. ; 91, s. 184-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the effects of media on corporate environmental decisions. Using data on plant-level toxic emissions from 1996 to 2009 from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory, and newly collected data on the location and content of newspapers, I find that the probability that a plant's emissions are featured in a nearby newspaper increases with the plant's proximity to the newspaper's headquarter. Further, plants located near a larger number of newspapers’ headquarters produce lower toxic emissions. The latter result is specific to plants operating in those industries that produce consumer goods, suggesting an important role of accountability through consumer demand. An event-study analysis also shows that when newspapers cover the emissions of consumer goods producers, these reduce their emissions by 29% with respect to those plants that were not covered, whereas there is no evidence of differential trends in the years that lead up to coverage.
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| 8. |
- Campa, Pamela, et al.
(författare)
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Unemployment Inequality in the Pandemic: Evidence from Sweden
- 2021
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using the full population of registered unemployed individuals in Sweden, we study the unequal labor market impact of Covid-19 depending on gender, wage, age, and country of birth. Also, having very detailed data on the occupation of the unemployed, we can study inequalities both across and within occupations. We find that two demographic factors are associated with higher unemployment in the pandemic: being young and being foreign-born. Gender, however, does not seem to play a big role in the Swedish context, likely due to both institutional factors and labor market structure, as well as policy measures such as not closing schools and day-care facilities. We also find a clear wage gradient with lower-paying jobs having higher unemployment risk. Our results confirm previous findings on the most vulnerable being hit the hardest, but at the same time emphasize the importance of country specific studies to understand the economic impacts of the pandemic.
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| 9. |
- Perrotta Berlin, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Domestic violence legislation : Awareness and support in Latvia, Russia and Ukraine
- 2022
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A large literature, that received further momentum during the Covid-19 pandemic, evaluates legislative initiatives to combat domestic violence. For legislation to induce a reduction in crime, information and awareness among the population are in many cases necessary. This study investigates the factors that correlate with awareness and support for domestic violence legislation in three countries that introduced recent reforms. We find that men, younger cohorts, married and less educated people are less well-informed, as well as minority language speakers. Studies of legislation awareness are important to motivate and target information campaigns.
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| 10. |
- Reuter, Marek, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainability, COVID-19 and staying focused on the longer term: A pandemic that strikes unequally and can prevent sustainability investments
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sweden through the crisis. - Stockholm : Stockholm School of Economics Institute for Research. - 9789186797386 ; , s. 289-301
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic and social and economic responses are amplifying social inequalities and hampering strategic, long-term investments into sustainability by firms and governments. Researchers affiliated with Misum (Mistra Center for Sustainable Markets) discuss how the global response to the pandemic has slowed progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015. The article emphasizes that low-income groups are most affected by the economic consequences of the coronavirus crisis, that the pandemic is reducing the ability and willingness of firms to make strategic investments, and that companies and governments need to deploy resources that ensure a sustainable recovery from the crisis.
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