| 1. |
- Carling, Kenneth, 1967-
(författare)
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A comment on outlier detection and skewed distributions
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It seems that a paper of mine appearing in Computational Statistics & Data Analysis (Carling, 2000) has prompted the development of outlier detection methods for highly skewed data. However, I wrote the paper in the spirit of Exploratory Data Analysis (Tukey, 1977) and I shared Tukey’s opinion, and I still hold it, that skewed data are better to be transformed for approximate symmetry prior to detection of outliers (or other data analyses).
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| 2. |
- Carling, Kenneth, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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A stopping rule while searching for optimal solution of facility-location
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Solutions to combinatorial optimization, such as p-median problems of locating facilities, frequently rely on heuristics to minimize the objective function. The minimum is sought iteratively and a criterion is needed to decide when the procedure (almost) attains it. However, pre-setting the number of iterations dominates in OR applications, which implies that the quality of the solution cannot be ascertained. A small branch of the literature suggests using statistical principles to estimate the minimum and use the estimate for either stopping or evaluating the quality of the solution. In this paper we use test-problems taken from Baesley's OR-library and apply Simulated Annealing on these p-median problems. We do this for the purpose of comparing suggested methods of minimum estimation and, eventually, provide a recommendation for practioners. An illustration ends the paper being a problem of locating some 70 distribution centers of the Swedish Post in a region.
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| 3. |
- Carling, Kenneth, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Data-sharing SME, Last-Mile Delivery LivingLab : a FEDeRATED LivingLab
- 2024
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Ingår i: FoI - Digitaliserade sammodala hållbara transportkedjor, Living Labs i projekt FEDeRATED. - Borlänge : Trafikverket. - 9789180453226
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This Data-sharing SME, Last-Mile Delivery LivingLab focuses on the last-mile (LM) transport setting. The LivingLab involves actors such as last-mile couriers, traditional delivery companies, retailers, and terminal companies. The LivingLab is one of 23 under the EU project FEDeRATED (www.federatedplatforms.eu), which aims to foster and achieve digital co-operation in logistics. Stakeholder engagement is required to achieve open data sharing in the interests of improving the operational efficiency of delivery. This LivingLab identifies that the last-mile couriers dispute the benefits of data sharing, while being pushed towards data sharing by (environmental) regulations and other market forces. However, and somewhat in contradiction, a considerable number of the couriers voluntarily associate themselves with a semi-Federated system of open and neutral data sharinginfrastructure. The financial gains for these couriers have been substantial.
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| 4. |
- Carling, Kenneth, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Market integration in Nordic online retail markets : Do cross-border transaction costs still matter?
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- If online retail markets are integrated, in that cost shocks in one country also affect pricing in other countries, asymmetric shocks to any one country in the region will spill over to neighboring countries as well. Using web-scraped productlevel prices from a group of retail firms selling identical products in at least two of the four Nordic markets under study, we investigate if national markets are segmented at the borders. Contrary to previous studies, we use differences in product characteristics to divide the data into products that are easily transported across borders and those that are not. At the extreme end of the transportability spectrum, we investigate market integration for four types of games for computers or game consoles that are delivered via downloads, where the cross-border transaction costs should be close to zero. Our results show that markets for product categories where cross-border transaction costs are high are also segmented at the border, while markets for product categories that can easily be traded andtransported between countries are not. We find an even higher level of market integration for games delivered via downloads than for the same games sold through traditional channels. As such, cross-border transaction costs still matter for market segmentation, but only for the sub-set of products where such costs are high.
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| 5. |
- Carling, Kenneth, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Minimizing travel distance and CO2 emissions when reconfiguring retail store networks
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Retail chains continually expand, reconfigure, and contract their store networks to serve their customers and maximize profits. One notable consequence of these actions is changes in the distances between consumers’ residences andnearest stores, altering their transportation-related CO2 emissions. Therefore, this study aims to examine the environmental impact of the reconfiguration of the IKEA store network in Sweden during the twenty-first century and compare the actual reconfiguration to one that minimizes consumers’ travel distances and, thus, CO2emissions. The expansion of the IKEA network in Sweden between 2004 and 2016, adding four (2004–2007) and then three (2013–2016) additional stores, reduced consumers’ average travel distance to their nearest store from 87 to 65.2 km. However, had IKEA managers used our web-available decision support tool,eCOmpass, this reduction could have been achieved after the first round of store additions since the distance-minimizing locations for the four new stores established in 2004–2007 would have reduced average travel distance to 64.9 km.
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| 6. |
- Carling, Kenneth, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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On deploying eCOmpass : a decision support tool for environmentally friendly retail locations
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Much focus in the joint retailing and transportation domain has been on the transition to e-tailing and the reformation of supply-chain logistics. However, traditional retailing, where consumers visit stores for shopping, dominates and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Retailers continuously expand, contract, and reconfigure their store network for strategic reasons. This paper reports on a project aiming to facilitate the incorporation of environmental consequences into the retailer’s reconfiguration decision process. It describes the design and deployment process of eCOmpass, an online decision support tool that enables retailers to estimate the change in transportation-related CO2 emissions caused by a reconfiguration of their store network. This description encompasses the judgmental choices of data acquisition, optimization technology, and user interface.
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| 7. |
- Carling, Kenneth, 1967-
(författare)
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On leading and making data-driven decisions, or not
- 2019
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Ingår i: Developing Informed Intuition for Decision Making. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 9780367258573 - 9780429298097 ; , s. 161-173
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this chapter, I consider the cognitive biases arising in judgment under uncertainty that jeopardize good decision-making aligned with normative decision theories. This problem raises objections towards intuitive and fast decision-making. It would be appealing if training could be devised for reducing the biases, and I argue that such training is feasible. I relate best-practice in such training and advocate a number of topics to be included in such training for good, intuitive decision-making skills.
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| 8. |
- Carling, Kenneth, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Privacy and data : Some research venues
- 2021
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Ingår i: A Research Agenda for Knowledge Management and Analytics. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781800370623 - 9781800370616 ; , s. 191-203
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The issue of data privacy is often reduced to secure data transactions by cryptographic techniques. However, in a liberal democracy the issue of privacy connects to fundamental questions about the co-existence and collaboration between its citizens. One is the conflict between self-interest and the interest of the commons, whereby research on privacy topics is found in distant and disparate research streams. Sharing of data perceived as private may drastically increase collective welfare, while reducing it for single citizens. In this chapter, we present a metaphor to highlight the fundamentals of privacy and explain how the access to new data-processing technologies provokes new questions to be addressed. Furthermore, we illustrate how various research streams differ in presumptions and privacy topics of interest, and we stress the potential knowledge-producing value of bridging these streams. We end by pointing out some particularly interesting research venues for privacy and data. © Jay Liebowitz 2021.
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| 9. |
- Carling, Kenneth, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect on CO2 emissions of taxing truck distance in retail transports
- 2017
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 97, s. 47-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To finance transportation infrastructure and to address social and environmental negative externalities of road transports, several countries have recently introduced or consider a distance based tax on trucks. In competitive retail and transportation markets, such tax can be expected to lower the demand and thereby reduce CO2 emissions of road transports. However, as we show in this paper, such tax might also slow down the transition towards e-tailing. Considering that previous research indicates that a consumer switching from brick-and-mortar shopping to e-tailing reduces her CO2 emissions substantially, the direction and magnitude of the environmental net effect of the tax is unclear. In this paper, we assess the net effect in a Swedish regional retail market where the tax not yet is in place. We predict the net effect on CO2 emissions to be positive, but off-set by about 50% because of a slower transition to e-tailing.
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| 10. |
- Carling, Kenneth, 1967-
(författare)
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The emergence of Microdata Analysis and its intellectual history over the past two decades
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- By 2020, students of Dalarna University had produced some 100 Bachelor and Master’s theses and 25 Licentiate or Doctoral theses in the academic discipline of Microdata Analysis guided by the university’s faculty. While firmly rooted in the tradition and the format of the formal sciences Computer Science and Mathematics, the theses are disparate with regard to area of investigation, research method, and epistemology. The research carried out in these theses is recognized internationally by learned societies and their journals and conferences, yet Dalarna University remains globally unique in labelling an academic discipline Microdata Analysis. This paper attempts to narrate the history of the forming process of Microdata Analysis at the university and grasp its nature.
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