| 1. |
- Carlsson, Josefine, et al.
(författare)
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Disperse azo dyes, arylamines and halogenated dinitrobenzene compounds in synthetic garments on the Swedish market
- 2022
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Ingår i: Contact Dermatitis. - : Wiley. - 0105-1873 .- 1600-0536. ; 87:4, s. 315-324
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Azobenzene disperse dyes (azo DDs) are well-known as textile allergens, but the knowledge of their occurrence in garments is low. The numerous azo DDs and dye components found in textiles constitute a potential health risk, but only seven azo DDs are included in the European baseline patch test series (EBS).Objectives: To investigate non-regulated azo DDs and dye components in synthetic garments on the Swedish market.Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and computerized data mining.Results: Sixty-two azo DDs were detected, with Disperse Red 167:1 occurring in 67%, and 14 other DDs each found in >20% of the garments. Notably, the EBS dyes were less common, three even not detected, while arylamines were frequently detected and exceeded 1 mg/g in several garments. Also, halogenated dinitrobenzenes were identified in 25% of the textiles.Conclusion: Azo DDs and dye components, in complex compositions and with large variations, occurred frequently in the synthetic garments. The arylamines were shown to occur at much higher levels compared to the azo DDs, suggesting the former constitute a potentially higher health risk. The role of arylamines and halogenated dinitrobenzenes in textile allergy has to be further investigated.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Josefine, et al.
(författare)
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Health risks from exposure to chemicals in clothing - non-regulated halogenated aromatic compounds
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of the present study was to investigate some commonly detected halogenated textile pollutants for their hazardous properties and bioavailability. Release into artificial sweat and skin absorption in vitro were examined as well as mutagenic effects by Ames test, and skin-sensitizing properties from a peptide reactivity assay combined with a cell test.All investigated compounds were shown to migrate from the textile into sweat and be absorbed by skin, although to a different extent. The experimental values for migration were found to be up to 390 times higher compared to literature values. Two of the studied compounds, 2,5-dinitrochlorobenzene and 3,5-dinitrobromobenzene, both exhibited mutagenic effects in the Ames test, while both 2,5-dinitrochlorobenzene and 2,6-dichlorobenzene-1,4-diamine showed strong skin sensitization potencies, thus being classified as substances of UN GHS subcategory 1A.Risks for the induction of skin allergy and other non-carcinogenic effects from dermal exposure to the individual compounds were found low, even when considering clothing with the highest reported levels. However, the complex mixtures of chemicals often present in garments may still constitute a health risk, especially when considering the many hours of daily exposure. The toxicity of other frequently occurring chemicals as well as the chemical “cocktail” in textiles should be further investigated.
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| 3. |
- Carlsson, Josefine, et al.
(författare)
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Solvent-free automated thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for direct screening of hazardous compounds in consumer textiles
- 2023
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Ingår i: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. - 1618-2642 .- 1618-2650. ; 415:19, s. 4675-4687
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global production of textiles utilizes numerous large-volume chemicals that may remain to some extent in the finished garments. Arylamines, quinolines, and halogenated nitrobenzene compounds are possible mutagens, carcinogens and/or skin sensitizers. For prevention, control of clothing and other textiles must be improved, especially those imported from countries without regulations of textile chemicals. An automated analytical methodology with on-line extraction, separation, and detection would largely simplify screening surveys of hazardous chemicals in textiles. Automated thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (ATD-GC/MS) was developed and evaluated as a solvent-free, direct chemical analysis for screening of textiles. It requires a minimum of sample handling with a total run time of 38 min including sample desorption, chromatographic separation, and mass spectrometric detection. For most of the studied compounds, method quantification limit (MQL) was below 5 mu g/g for 5 mg of textile sample, which is sufficiently low for screening and control of quinoline and arylamines regulated by EU. Several chemicals were detected and quantified when the ATD-GC/MS method was applied in a limited pilot screening of synthetic fiber garments. A number of arylamines were detected, where some of the halogenated dinitroanilines were found in concentrations up to 300 mu g/g. This is ten times higher than the concentration limit for similar arylamines listed by the EU REACH regulation. Other chemicals detected in the investigated textiles were several quinolines, benzothiazole, naphthalene, and 3,5-dinitrobromobenzene. Based on the present results, we suggest ATD-GC/MS as a screening method for the control of harmful chemicals in clothing garments and other textiles.
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| 4. |
- Carlsson, Josefine, et al.
(författare)
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Suspect and non-target screening of chemicals in clothing textiles by reversed-phase liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry
- 2021
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Ingår i: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-2642 .- 1618-2650. ; 414:3, s. 1403-1413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global manufacturing of clothing is usually composed of multistep processes, which include a large number of chemicals. However, there is generally no information regarding the chemical content remaining in the finished clothes. Clothes in close and prolonged skin contact may thus be a significant source of daily human exposure to hazardous compounds depending on their ability to migrate from the textiles and be absorbed by the skin. In the present study, twenty-four imported garments on the Swedish market were investigated with respect to their content of organic compounds, using a screening workflow. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization/high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for both suspect and non-target screening. The most frequently detected compound was benzothiazole followed by quinoline. Nitroanilines with suspected mutagenic and possible skin sensitization properties, and quinoline, a carcinogenic compound, were among the compounds occurring at the highest concentrations. In some garments, the level of quinoline was estimated to be close to or higher than 50,000 ng/g, the limit set by the REACH regulation. Other detected compounds were acridine, benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, phthalates, nitrophenols, and organophosphates. Several of the identified compounds have logP and molecular weight values enabling skin uptake. This pilot study indicates which chemicals and compound classes should be prioritized for future quantitative surveys and control of the chemical content in clothing as well as research on skin transfer, skin absorption, and systemic exposure. The results also show that the current control and prevention from chemicals in imported garments on the Swedish market is insufficient.
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| 5. |
- Iadaresta, Francesco, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Strategies Towards Suspect and Non-target Screening of Chemicals in Clothing Textiles by Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography–hybrid Linear Ion Trap Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Textile industry uses a large number of various chemicals in the multi-step production chain. Some of these chemicals are intentionally used to give specific features to textile materials (softness, color, improve fastness, flame resistant etc.). Some other are unintentionally added, such us transformation products (e.g. dye degradation production), impurities of other used compounds and/or biocides. Due to the large number of cloths manufacturing steps, starting from fabric production to clothes trade, information regarding the chemicals used are not always available. Clothes are in close and prolonged contact with the skin, making possible a human exposure to chemicals present in textile material. Furthermore, chemicals, if not removed from wastewater treatment plants, can be released in the environment through the laundry of textile materials. In the present study, reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry was used for screening of suspect and unknown compounds in twenty-four textile samples. Strategies towards suspect and non-target screening are discussed considering the experimental conditions and the subsequent data treatment. Suspect compounds belonging to benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, nitroanilines, quinolines and phthalates were confirmed in the analyzed samples. The method was able also to successfully identify compounds not included in the suspect list, such as nitrophenols, acridine, and phosphates.
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| 6. |
- Lindqvist, C. Mårten, et al.
(författare)
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Deep targeted sequencing in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia unveils distinct mutational patterns between genetic subtypes and novel relapse-associated genes
- 2016
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Ingår i: Oncotarget. - : Impact Journals, LLC. - 1949-2553. ; 7:39, s. 64071-64088
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To characterize the mutational patterns of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) we performed deep next generation sequencing of 872 cancer genes in 172 diagnostic and 24 relapse samples from 172 pediatric ALL patients. We found an overall greater mutational burden and more driver mutations in T-cell ALL (T-ALL) patients compared to B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) patients. In addition, the majority of the mutations in T-ALL had occurred in the original leukemic clone, while most of the mutations in BCP-ALL were subclonal. BCP-ALL patients carrying any of the recurrent translocations ETV6-RUNX1, BCR-ABL or TCF3-PBX1 harbored few mutations in driver genes compared to other BCP-ALL patients. Specifically in BCP-ALL, we identified ATRX as a novel putative driver gene and uncovered an association between somatic mutations in the Notch signaling pathway at ALL diagnosis and increased risk of relapse. Furthermore, we identified EP300, ARID1A and SH2B3 as relapse-associated genes. The genes highlighted in our study were frequently involved in epigenetic regulation, associated with germline susceptibility to ALL, and present in minor subclones at diagnosis that became dominant at relapse. We observed a high degree of clonal heterogeneity and evolution between diagnosis and relapse in both BCP-ALL and T-ALL, which could have implications for the treatment efficiency.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ruiz-Caldas, Maria-Ximena, et al.
(författare)
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Cellulose Nanocrystals from Postconsumer Cotton and Blended Fabrics : A Study on Their Properties, Chemical Composition, and Process Efficiency
- 2022
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Ingår i: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2168-0485. ; 10:11, s. 3787-3798
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From manufacturing to disposal, the textile industry faces multiple challenges to achieve sustainability and reduce its environmental impact. This work investigates the properties and composition of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from clothing waste made of cotton fibers. We isolated CNCs from cotton, polyester/cotton, and acrylic/cotton waste fabrics through acid hydrolysis with sulfuric acid. A yield of 51-62 wt S4, ( co tt on basis) was obtained, and nearly all the polyester and acrylic libers contained in the initial fabrics were recovered in a convenient shape that could allow easier recycling. CNCs extracted from the selected fabrics showed high purity, similar structural, physical, and chemical characteristics, and their properties were comparable to those extracted from virgin sources, although their surface chemistry and elemental composition slightly differed. The chemical components in the waste fabrics and the extracted CNCs were evaluated through a nontarget chromatographic-mass spectrometric screening strategy. Both the recycled textiles and the CNCs contained hundreds of compounds common in postconsumer textiles, including some with health and environmental concerns. However, our initial findings show that their concentrations in the CNCs are negligible. Our results provide insights into the challenges associated with the use of cotton waste textiles for the extraction of cellulose nanoparticles, and into the potential applications of the extracted nanomaterials.
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