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| 2. |
- Davidsson, Johan, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Set of injury risk curves for different sizes and ages
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When new crash test dummy hardware becomes available it is important to establish howthe measurements taken with that tool relate to a risk of injury. THORAX is a collaborativemedium-scale project under the EC Seventh Framework. It focuses on the reduction andprevention of thoracic injuries. Within the project an improved understanding of thoracicinjury mechanisms has been implemented in an updated design for the thorax-shouldercomplex of the THOR dummy. The new dummy hardware, referred to as the THORAXdemonstrator, has been evaluated in a number of biomechanical test conditions. The datafrom these tests has provided the opportunity to compare those data with injury outcomedata under equivalent loading conditions. This report describes that comparison and theresulting injury risk curves developed.When developing injury risk functions for a new dummy it is common practice to repeat testscarried out with post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) with the crash test dummy. Matcheddummy data and injury records from the PMHS tests are then used in the development ofinjury risk functions. Other approaches involve collection of real world accident events thathave been recreated with the dummy in the laboratory. Both of these approaches have beenadopted in this study.Injury risk functions are commonly developed for the average male in terms of size and age.However, age, gender and size influence the risk of injury for a given crash condition. Crashtest dummies that take these differences into account may be developed in the future.However, as part of the THORAX project advanced scaling methods have been developedthat can be used to modify the injury risk functions to account for gender and different sizes.Thereby the measurements obtained in crash tests with the THORAX demonstrator can beused to predict the risk for other occupant categories than those that are close to the averagemale.By providing the automotive industry with a superior crash test dummy, the new THORAXdemonstrator, associated injury risk functions and scaling techniques it is expected thatimproved restraint systems will be developed that lead to a reduction of chest injuries.
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| 3. |
- Hynd, David, et al.
(författare)
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Biofidelity requirements for the THORAX project
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Biofidelity requirements are to be used to ensure that a crash test dummy loads the vehicle and restraint system in an accident in a similar way to the human, and to ensure that the response of the dummy to this loading is relevant to the prediction of injury risk in simulated crashes that are representative of real-world accidents. The main aim of this deliverable is to provide a set of biofidelity requirements for the thorax and shoulder for evaluation of an advanced frontal impact crash test dummy. This report has reviewed existing thorax and shoulder biofidelity requirements for frontal crash test dummy evaluations. The load cases used in these requirements were compared to the loads in actual collisions. It was identified that inclusion of additional requirements in which the thorax is exposed to various types of distributed and belt-only loads would be beneficial. To identify additional tests, post mortem human subject data and volunteer data were reviewed and test conditions and available data documented. Inclusion criteria used to assess e.g. the quality of documentation of a data set, or the representativeness of the subjects that were tested, were established. Using these criteria the reported test conditions and results were analysed with the target to specify biofidelity requirements and engineering guidance for the design of an enhanced dummy shoulder-thorax complex. None of the available datasets were ideal for specifying biofidelity requirements for frontal impacts in modern restraint systems as available in the market now. These systems typically include belt pretensioning and force-limiting and carefully combined belt and airbag contributions to the occupant protection. Instead a broad set of requirements has been used in an attempt to capture biofidelity under various restraint system types and load conditions. It is hoped that a dummy with a good level of biofidelity throughout this broad range of conditions will still demonstrate an appropriate level of biofidelity in modern restraint systems and common crash conditions.The biofidelity requirements document a well-defined set of test conditions and the dummy responses that are required in those loading conditions. The engineering guidance includes biomechanical data that will be used to define relative - rather than absolute - targets for dummy performance. These relative targets are useful to guide the design of an enhanced dummy.Various methods used to normalise the response data to that of a standard size of subject or scale data to other sizes were reviewed, benefits and limitations discussed and recommendations were made. Finally, a set of biofidelity target corridors for the 50th percentile male are presented in the Appendix B to Appendix K.
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| 4. |
- Lemmen, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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An Advanced Thorax-Shoulder Design for the THOR Dummy
- 2013
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Ingår i: 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV),Soul, Korea.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Thoracic injuries are one of the main causes of fatallyand severely injured casualties in car crashes.Advances in restraint system technology and airbagsmay be needed to address this problem; however, thecrash test dummies available today for studying theseinjuries have limitations that prevent them frombeing able to demonstrate the benefits of suchinnovations. THORAX-FP7 was a collaborativemedium scale project under the European SeventhFramework. It focused on the mitigation andprevention of thoracic injuries through an improvedunderstanding of the thoracic injury mechanisms andthe implementation of this understanding in anupdated design for the thorax-shoulder complex ofthe THOR dummy. The updated dummy shouldenable the design and evaluation of advancedrestraint systems for a wide variety (gender, age andsize) of car occupants.The hardware development involved five steps:1) Identification of the dominant thoracic injury typesfrom field data, 2) Specification of biomechanicalrequirements, 3) Identification of injury parametersand necessary instrumentation, 4) Dummy hardwaredevelopment and 5) Evaluation of the demonstratordummy.The activities resulted in the definition of newbiofidelity and instrumentation requirements for anupdated thorax-shoulder complex. Prototype versionswere realised and implemented in three THORdummies for biomechanical evaluation testing. Thispaper documents the hardware developments andbiomechanical evaluation testing carried out.
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| 5. |
- Lemmen, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Development of an Advanced Thorax / Shoulder Complex for the THOR Dummy
- 2013
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Ingår i: SAE Technical Papers. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191 .- 2688-3627. ; 5
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thoracic injuries are one of the main causes of fatalitiesand severe injuries in car crashes. The tools availabletoday for studying these injuries are not up to par withthe latest implementation of restraint systems and airbags.THORAX-FP7 is a collaborative medium scale projectunder the Seventh Framework. It focuses on the reductionand prevention of thoracic injuries through an improvedunderstanding of the thoracic injury mechanisms and theimplementation of this understanding in an updated designfor the thorax-shoulder complex of the THOR dummy. Theupdated dummy should enable the design and evaluationof advanced restraint systems for a wide variety (gender,age and size) of car occupants. The hardware developmentinvolves fi ve steps: 1) Identifi cation of the dominant thoracicinjury types from fi eld data, 2) Specifi cation of biomechanicalrequirements, 3) Identification of injury parameters andnecessary instrumentation, 4) Dummy hardware developmentand 5) Evaluation of the demonstrator dummy.The THORAX project started in February 2009. This paperpresents results achieved so far including outcomes ofaccident surveys, selection of human response data suitablefor the assessment of the dummy performance, humanbody simulation into the injury criteria and the dummydevelopments done so far.
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| 6. |
- Sunnevang, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Near-Side Oblique Frontal Impacts Using THOR With SD3 Shoulder
- 2014
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 15:Supplement 1, s. S96-S102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Within the EC Seventh Framework project THORAX, the Mod-Kit THOR was upgraded with a new thorax and shoulder. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the THOR ATD met a set of prerequisites to a greater extent than Hybrid III and by that measure whether the dummy could serve as a potential tool for future evaluation of serious head and chest injuries in near-side oblique frontal impacts.Method: A small-overlap/oblique sled system was used to reflect occupant forces observed in oblique frontal crashes. The head and thoracic response from THOR was evaluated for 3 combinations: belt only with no deformation of the driver's side door (configuration A), belt only in combination with a predeformed door (configuration B), and prepretensioning belt and driver airbag (PPT+DAB) in combination with a predeformed door (configuration C). To evaluate head injury risk, the head injury criterion (HIC) and brain injury criteria (BrIC) were used. For evaluation of the thoracic injury risk, 3 injury criteria proposed by the THORAX project were evaluated: Dmax, DcTHOR, and strain (dummy rib fractures).Results: Unlike Hybrid III, the THOR with SD3 shoulder interacted with the side structure in a near-side oblique frontal impact. HIC values for the 3 test configurations corresponded to a 90% (A) and 100% (B and C) risk of Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ head injury, and BrIC values resulted in a 100% risk of AIS 2+ head injury in configurations A and B. In C the risk was reduced to 75%. The AIS 2+ thoracic injury risks based on Dmax were similar (14-18%) for all tests. Based on DcTHOR, AIS 2+ injury risk increased from 29 to 53% as the predeformed door side was introduced (A to B), and the risk increased, to 64%, as a PPT+DAB was added (C). Considering the AIS 2+ injury risk based on strain, tests in A resulted in an average of 3 dummy rib fractures (17%). Introducing the predeformed door (B) increased the average of dummy fractures to 5 (39%), but in C the average number of dummy rib fractures decreased to 4 (28%).Conclusions: THOR with an SD3 shoulder should be the preferred ATD rather than the Hybrid III for evaluating head and thorax injuries in oblique frontal impacts. Thoracic interaction with the predeformed door was not well captured by the 3D IR-Traccs; hence, use of deflection as an injury predictor in oblique loading is insufficient for evaluating injury risk in this load case. However, injury risk evaluation may be performed using the strain measurements, which characterize loading from seat belt and airbag as well as the lateral contribution of the structural impact in the loading condition used in this study.
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| 7. |
- Sunnevång, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of the THORAX Demonstrator and HIII sensitivity to crash severity and occupant restraint variation
- 2014
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Ingår i: 2014 IRCOBI conference proceedings. - : IRCOBI - International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury. ; , s. 377-388
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thorax is the most frequently injured body region in frontal impacts. This study aimed to compare the THORAX Demonstrator THOR and HIII injury risk predictions in relation to expected injury risk reductions based on trends observed in real life data. Sled tests were performed in a body‐in‐white representing a mid‐sized family car. To relate the test results to real life, the AIS3+ thoracic injury risks measured by the THOR and HIII were compared for different test configurations. For the driver position a 6 kN belt was compared to a 4 kN belt plus airbag and a 3 kN belt plus airbag (same pulse). On the passenger side the same restraint in EuroNCAP ODB (64 km/h) and FMVSS 208 ODB (40 km/h) tests were evaluated. Injury criteria compared were Cd and DEQ(Lin) for the HIII and Dmax, Dc‐THOR and strain for the THOR. The level of thoracic injury risk needs further investigation, but the expected injury risk reduction from a predicted high to a low risk was demonstrated by THOR, contrary to the HIII. The large variations in injury risk as well as the sensitivity to crash severity indicate that the THOR dummy should be the preferred tool for evaluation of frontal impact occupant protection.
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