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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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- Bado, Mattia Francesco, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of concrete shrinkage induced strains in internally-restrained RC structures by distributed optical fiber sensing
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cement and Concrete Composites. - : Elsevier BV. - 0958-9465. ; 120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present paper reports the result of an inter-university experimental investigation on concrete shrinkage induced strains on embedded rebars instrumented with Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors (DOFS). The monitoring was performed for a standard 28 days drying time and for a shorter 6 days time span (reflecting realistic constructions schedules accelerations to meet set deadlines). The tested specimens were Reinforced Concrete (RC) tensile members differing in their geometry, DOFS employed and fiber/rebar bonding techniques. Regarding the latter, a combination of cyanoacrylate (for gluing) and silicone (protection) was found to be the optimal one for deployments inside RC structures. The DOFS-reported combined effect of concrete shrinkage and creep on the embedded rebars is compared with the Model Code 2010's predictions and employed to extract conclusions on the residual performance of the RC members at the end of their drying phase.
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| 4. |
- Bado, Mattia Francesco, et al.
(författare)
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Distributed optical fiber sensing bonding techniques performance for embedment inside reinforced concrete structures
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI AG. - 1424-8220. ; 20:20, s. 1-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) are modern-day cutting-edge monitoring tools that are quickly acquiring relevance in structural health monitoring engineering. Their most ambitious use is embedded inside plain or reinforced concrete (RC) structures with the scope of comprehending their inner-workings and the functioning of the concrete-reinforcement interaction. Yet, multiple studies have shown that the bonding technique with which the DOFS are bonded to the reinforcement bars has a significant role on the quality of the extracted strain data. Whilst this influence has been studied for externally bonded DOFS, it has not been done for embedded ones. The present article is set on performing such study by monitoring the strain measurement quality as sampled by DOFS bonded to multiple rebars with different techniques and adhesives. These instrumented rebars are used to produce differently sized RC ties later tested in tension. The discussion of the test outputs highlights the quasi-optimal performance of a DOFS/rebar bonding technique consisting of incising a groove in the rebar, positioning the DOFS inside it, bonding it with cyanoacrylate and later adding a protective layer of silicone. The resulting data is mostly noisefree and anomalies-free, yet still presents a newly diagnosed hitch that needs addressing in future research.
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- Elfgren, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Guideline for application of new technologies to extend life of elderly rail infrastructure : Deliverable 1.4 in MAINLINE - a project within EC 7tf Framework Programme
- 2015
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- There are many traditional technologies available to extend the life of elderly rail infrastructure, some of which are being improved or developed, whilst new technologiescontinue to emerge. In this guideline some of the most promising new or updated technologies are presented forbridges, track and earthwork regarding: - Assessment methods- Repair and Strengthening methodsIn an Appendix strengthening methods are presented in more detail with examples of designcalculations and work carried out.The guideline is based on work presented in earlier reports in MAINLINE: ML-D1.1 (2013):Benchmark of new technologies to extend the life of elderly rail infrastructure, ML-D1.2(2013): Assessment methods for elderly rail infrastructure and ML-D1.3 (2014): Newtechnologies to extend the life of elderly infrastructure; In these reports, backgroundinformation and more references can also be found.
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| 8. |
- Sarmiento Nova, Silvia Juliana, et al.
(författare)
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A risk-based robustness evaluation of a prestressed concrete bridge
- 2023
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Ingår i: Bridge Safety, Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle, Resilience and Sustainability - Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, IABMAS 2022. - London : CRC Press. - 9781032345314 ; , s. 2045-2052, s. 2045-2052
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Existing bridges were designed to satisfy old specifications, and most of them were based on a member-oriented approach. A bridge superstructure is constituted by a group of elements that together form a system, and depending on how robust the system is, a member-oriented approach losses accuracy. Therefore, in this study a preliminary framework of how to assess concrete bridges' robustness is presented. The framework integrates a metamodel-based reliability analysis, and the risk concepts to evaluate the robustness level for concrete bridges considering failure probabilities and consequences. A case study of a prestressed multi-beam concrete bridge is used to validate and illustrate the methodology. The capacity of the individual elements, as well as of the intact and damaged structural system are calculated using finite element modeling (FEM). It was concluded that the framework proposed can be used to assess structural robustness with low computational cost, for the cases in which FEM is implemented.
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