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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
- Casas, Joan Ramon, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment methods for elderly rail infrastructure : MAINLINE, Deliverable D1.2, EU FP7
- 2013
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- An accurate and advanced assessment will allow keeping in service many assets that otherwise will be condemned to repair, strengthening and/or replacement. Because interventions in many bridges at the same time is not economically feasible, their advanced assessment could help prioritize the repair/strengthening works in the coming years. The main objective of this deliverable is to present the existing possibilities for an accurate assessment of railway assets condition. The two specific objectives of this report are:1. - To describe a set of proposed advanced assessment methods that may be incorporated in the life-cycle management of railway infrastructures2. - To see how the costs and benefits of the proposed advanced assessment methods may be incorporated within a LCA framework.The scope of this report is limited to the assessment of relevant railway infrastructure assets. The assessment methods considered will be those applicable to the following asset types: Cuttings Metallic Bridges Lined Tunnels Track (including rails, sleepers, ballast, switches and crossings).The most appropriate assessment method for every specific infrastructure asset strongly depends on many variables. This deliverable seeks to help the assessing engineer, first showing the available alternatives and, after that, in the decision making for the best method and technique to be used within a Life-Cycle Assessment framework, where the optimization of cost in a wide sense (including environmental costs) is the final objective.
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| 4. |
- Casas, Joan Ramon, et al.
(författare)
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Guideline for Load and Resistance Assessment of Existing European Railway Bridges : Advices on the use of advanced methods
- 2007
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- The bridge assessment in many aspects is very similar to the bridge design. The same basic principles lie at the heart of the process. Nevertheless, an important difference lies in the fact that when a bridge is being designed, an element of conservatism is generally a good thing that can be achieved with very little additional costs. When a bridge is being assessed, it is important to avoid unnecessarily conservative measures because of the financial implications that may follow the decision of ratingthe bridge as deficient. Therefore, the design codes (e.g. EC codes) may not always be appropriate for assessment of existing bridges and some additional recommendations or guidelines are required that will lead to less conservative assessment of theirs load carrying capacity. Such guidelines have been already proposed for assessment of highway bridges in Europe. However, there is a lack of this type of documents that can be applied for the assessment of railway bridges.The present "Guideline for Load and Resistance Assessment of Existing European Railway Bridges - advices on the use of advanced methods" is providing guidance and recommendations for applying the most advanced and beneficial methods, models and tools for assessing the load carrying capacity of existing railway bridges. This includes systematized step-level assessment methodology, advanced safety formats (e.g. probabilistic or simplified probabilistic) refined structural analysis (e.g. non-linear or plastic, dynamic considering train-bridge interaction), better models of loads and resistance parameters (e.g. probabilistic and/or based on the results of measurements) and methods for incorporation of the results form monitoring and on-site testing (e.g. Bayesian updating).Basis for the "Guideline for Load and Resistance Assessment of Existing EuropeanRailway Bridges - advices on the use of advanced methods" is the research work carried out in the work package WP4 of the Sustainable Bridges project combined with the best practical experience and know-how of all the partners involved.The research activities within the work package WP4 have been carried out in the following five groups:− Loads and dynamic effects, with focus on train loads and dynamics (Deliverables D4.3, also referred as SB 4.3 Dynamic (2007), or just SB4.3 (2007));− Safety and probabilistic modelling (Deliverables D4.4, also referred as SB4.4Safety (2007), or just SB4.4 (2007));− Concrete bridges, with focus on non-linear analysis (Deliverables D4.5, also referred as SB4.5 Concrete (2007), or just SB4.5 (2007));− Metal bridges, with focus on riveted bridges (Deliverables D4.6, also referredas SB4.6 Metal (2007), or just SB4.6 (2007));− Masonry arch bridges including soil/structure interaction (Deliverables D4.7,also referred as SB4.7 Masonry (2007), or just SB4.7 (2007)).The results of these activities are reported in corresponding Background Documents (Deliverables) listed above within parenthesis.The main results from the research activities performed and the know-how of all the partners in the specific areas of bridge assessment are tried to be presented in this Sustainable Bridges SB-LRA 2007-11-30 6 (428) Guideline in such a way that the target reader of the Guideline, a structural engineer experienced in assessment of railway bridges, is able to apply them in the everyday practice, without necessity of searching for several specific scientific publications. Nevertheless, in some cases it has been necessary to refer to public available literature and Background Documents prepared in the Sustainable Bridges project.The present Guideline has been prepared aiming to follow somehow the structure of the EC codes and it is divided into 10 chapters and 12 Annexes concerning:− Assessment procedure (Chapter 2);− Requirements, safety formats and limit states (Chapter 3, Annexes 3.1-3.7);− Basic information for bridge assessment (Chapter 4);− Load and dynamic effects (Chapter 5, Annex 5.1);− Concrete bridges (Chapter 6);− Metal bridges (Chapter 7, Annex 7.1);− Masonry arch bridges (Chapter 8, Annexes 8.1 and 8.2);− Foundations and transition zones (Chapter 9);− Improvement of assessment using information from testing and monitoring (Chapter 10, Annex 10.1).In most of the topics related to railway bridges assessment the Guideline uses the current state-of-the-art knowledge and the presently best practice. Nevertheless, in many subjects it propose the use of original methods and models that have been developed, obtained or systematized due to research performed within one of the five groups of work package WP4.
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| 5. |
- Casas, Joan Ramon, et al.
(författare)
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Safety and Probabilistic Modelling : Sustainable Bridges Background document D4.4
- 2007
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main objective of this background document is to bridge the gap between the most advanced structural assessment techniques based on probabilistic methods and the daily practice of bridge evaluators in the railway agencies, not specifically trained on them and responsible of the load and resistance assessments. To this end, the background document explains and summarizes the basis of the safety assessment using a probabilistic approach, providing simplified methods whenever possible and also providing examples of application in order to make the documents more readable and understandable.The present background document is divided in the following deliverables:D4.4.1 Safety format and required safety levelsD4.4.2 Probabilistic modellingD4.4.3 Probabilistic non-linear analysisD4.4.4 Examination of fatigue safety and remaining fatigue life of structural details andcomponents in steel of railway bridges using probabilistic methodsD4.4.5 Long-term behaviour of subsoil below railway embankments – A simplified predictionmethod of settlements with a probabilistic approach
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| 7. |
- Elfgren, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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New technologies to extend the life of elderly rail infrastructure : Deliverable 1.3 in MAINLINE - a project within the EC 7th Framework Programme
- 2015
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are many traditional technologies available to extend the life of elderly rail infrastructure, some of which are being improved or developed, whilst new technologies continue to emerge.In two earlier reports a benchmark of new technologies was given and assessment methods were presented, ML-D1.1 (2013) and ML-D1.2 (2013). In this report, ML-D1.3, an overview is given of some of the most promising new or updated technologies. Based on the findings, work in the Mainline project has focused on the following two areas for bridges, tunnels and track:- Assessment methods- Repair and Strengthening methodsSome of the methods are still under development and may not yet be available commercially. Hence these are presented on a “for information” basis and as something that may be introduced on a broader scale in a near future.In the report assessment and strengthening of bridges are treated in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5.Tunnels are treated in Chapter 6 and track and earthwork in Chapter 7.The report also includes with five appendices with details of important work that has been donein the MAINLINE project. Appendix A presents results from the assessment and full scale testing to failure of a 50 year old metallic truss bridge. Appendix B presents results from the strengthening by post-tensioning of a concrete trough bridge. Appendix C presents methods to extend life for tunnels. Appendix D proposes methods for the assessment of fatigue andAppendix E, finally, gives a fairly comprehensive list of references on how to extend the life of structures.A Guideline for application of the new technologies is given in ML-D1.4 (2014).
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| 8. |
- Fumoto, Takayuki, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of Moisture Content and Volume Change Distribution Inside Cement Paste Specimens Using X-Ray CT Imaging
- 2020
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Ingår i: 15th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components, DBMC 2020 : DBMC 2020 - DBMC 2020. - : CIMNE. - 9788412110180 ; , s. 1511-1518
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to clarify the internal change of concrete structures during drying. Therefore, we used X-ray CT to investigate water content and volume changes inside cement paste specimens during drying. Changes in the CT image intensities and measurements on the images indicated water content and volume changes, including local changes detected with digital volume correlation. Next steps will be to understand the link between volume changes and the local water content.
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| 9. |
- Gil Berrocal, Carlos, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment and visualization of performance indicators of reinforced concrete beams by distributed optical fibre sensing
- 2021
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Ingår i: Structural Health Monitoring. - : SAGE Publications. - 1475-9217 .- 1741-3168. ; 20:6, s. 3309-3326
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The implementation of structural health monitoring systems in civil engineering structures already in the construction phase could contribute to safer and more resilient infrastructure. Due to their lightweight, small size and high resistance to the environment, distributed optical fibre sensors stand out as a very promising technology for damage detection and quantification in reinforced concrete structures. In this article, the suitability of embedding robust distributed optical fibre sensors featuring a protective sheath to accurately assess the performance indicators, in terms of vertical deflection and crack width, of three reinforced concrete beams subjected to four-point bending is investigated. The results revealed that a certain strain attenuation occurs in embedded robust distributed optical fibre sensors compared to commonly used thin polyimide-coated distributed optical fibre sensors bonded to steel reinforcement bars. However, the presence of the protective sheath prevented the appearance of strain reading anomalies which has been a frequently reported issue. Performance wise, the robust distributed optical fibre sensors were able to provide a good estimate of the beam deflections with errors of between 12.3% and 6.5%. Similarly, crack widths computed based on distributed optical fibre sensor strain measurements differed by as little as ±20 µm with results from digital image correlation, provided individual cracks could be successfully detected in the strain profiles. Finally, a post-processing procedure is presented to generate intuitive contour plots that can help delivering critical information about the element’s structural condition in a clear and straightforward manner.
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| 10. |
- Helmerich, Rosemarie, et al.
(författare)
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Guideline for Inspection and Condition Assessment of Existing European Railway Bridges, SB-ICA , Sustainable Bridges : Including advices on the use of non-destructive testing.
- 2007
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- The guideline SB-ICA Inspection, and Condition Assessment presents new and enhanced tools, equipment and procedures for railway bridge inspection and condition assessment to achieve the objectives of the project. The Guideline SB-ICA Inspection and Condition Assessment with three annexes summarizes and completes the technical research work described in technical deliverables D3.2 to D3.14, available as background documents. The guideline also refers to UIC-documents, national standards and results of research done so far in international research. The guideline is prepared to transfer the latest research results to the end users, the European railway infrastructure departments. The technical deliverables, attached as background documents to this guideline, describe the research, which focussed on the following topics: - Basic research for appropriate non-destructive testing methods to be used by the railways in refined inspection and condition assessment of reinforced concrete, steel and masonry arch bridges as well as for the investigation of foundations and subsoil, - Development of procedures for effective condition assessment and defect appraisal, - Enhancing the applicability of non-destructive inspection tools to railway bridges with focus on the compatibility with the railway infrastructure, - The application to railway bridges includes both, the reviews of techniques and methods (state of the art) and latest research, e.g. automation of acoustic imaging techniques, advanced image data processing for results obtained from different NDT-measurement (data fusion, data reconstruction), - Development of automated equipment for faster operating onsite measurements with high geometrical accuracy, which is a precondition for super positioning of data obtained from different methods and different measurements, - A proposal for classification of defects, description of deterioration, defect location. - Finite element modelling of RC-deterioration processes and degradation by corrosion. Based on refined information from inspections about the current condition of the bridge elements, an entire bridge and the capability of the bridge stock along a railway line has to be assessed in a fast and unique way, e.g. in order to allow new train types, increase of train frequency, transfer of higher loads or higher speed. The guideline on inspection and condition assessment presents tools to update bridge documentation, which is some times insufficient, inaccurate or incomplete. Systematic application of repeatable procedures are presented, which are using new tools with high degree of geometrical accuracy. Advanced technologies help also to follow time dependent processes and to alleviate the effects of the loss of operational experience of retiring workers.Research for better inspection and condition assessment tools for the railway infrastructure, e.g. using Non-Destructive testing methods was concentrated on gaps, identified in the first phase of the project. The analysis of the bridge stock by the partner railways in WP1 revealed that steel and masonry arch bridges need to be incorporated into the scope of the project. Following this advice, the guideline for inspection and condition assessment covers inspection of reinforced concrete, steel and masonry arch bridges, as well as testing of subsoil and foundation. This guideline proposes inspection and condition assessment tools to get comparable description of the railway infrastructure condition in different countries of the European Community. The work also revealed the need of common terminology, a database for defects and a database with applicable non-destructive testing methods in single page information.
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