| 1. |
- Bahaloo, Hassan, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Discrete element simulation of dry snow using the developed analytic bond model
- 2021
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Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. - : Institute of Physics (IOP).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Snow is a heterogenous, hot material which is constituted from ice particles. The bonding behavior of ice particles is an important parameter determining the macroscopic behavior of snow. Discrete Element Method (DEM) is usually used as a tool to model dry snow. The most important input data required into the DEM is bonding behavior of ice particles since ice particles can adhere to form bonds when they brought into contact. This study had two aims: first, an analytical formulation was derived to predict the bond diameter of ice-ice contacts as a function of time, compressive load, and strain rate. Using the previously published data for strain rate of ice, a solution method was developed. The results of bond diameter development with time were compared to experimental data and a good agreement was found. Second, a DEM for dry snow was developed and programmed in MATLAB and the developed bond model was employed in the simulation to study the deposition behavior of snow in a container under gravity acceleration. A specific beam element with implemented damage model was developed in implemented in the simulation using the bond data obtained from the analytical approach. The simulated parameters were macroscopic angle of repose, packing density, and surface conditions as a function of temperature and filling rate. The results showed that discrete element simulations were able to verify the existing published experimental data. Specifically, the simulation results showed that angle of repose of snow decreased rapidly with decreasing the temperature, the surface became very irregular due to the particles rotation and re-arrangement for lower falling speeds of particles, and density increased with depth of deposition. These findings were all matched with experimental observations.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bahaloo, Hassan, 1983-
(författare)
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Mechanics of Ice and Snow as a Granular Material
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this thesis, the mechanical properties of ice and dry snow as a class of granular materials are investigated through a series of experiments, analyses, and simulations. The primary focus is on understanding the intricate details of ice sintering, capillary bridge formation, and the behavior of snow under varying conditions.The investigation into ice sintering reveals a formulation of the sintering force, considering temperature, pressing force, contact duration, and particle size during the primary sintering stage. The results indicate a nearly linear increase in sintering force with external pressing force, while dependency on contact duration and particle size follows a nonlinear power-law relationship. The temperature dependence of the sintering force is nonlinear, aligning with the Arrhenius equation. The ultimate tensile strength of ice and the axial stress concentration factor are identified as crucial factors in determining the sintering force. Additionally, observations near the melting point reveal the formation of a liquid bridge between contacted ice particles.Moving on to capillary bridge formation, the experiments demonstrate the presence of a liquid bridge between an ice particle and a smooth (or rough) aluminum surface at controlled temperature conditions. The separation distance is found to be proportional to the cube root of the bridge volume, which decreases with decreasing temperature. Notably, for a rough surface, capillary bridge formation diminishes under the considered experimental conditions.The significance of snow in various contexts prompts an exploration of its mechanical properties. Utilizing micro-computed tomography imaging and quasi-static mechanical loading, a methodology for mapping the density-dependent material properties of manufactured snow is established. The study investigates structural parameter variations during loading, revealing insights into the three-dimensional structure, relative density, and mechanical behavior of snow. Results from Burger’s model show an increasing trend in modulus and viscosity terms with density. Digital volume correlation aids in calculating full-field strain distribution, highlighting particle characteristics and changes in specific surface areas during loading.Expanding the scope to natural snow, cutting-edge techniques like micro-tomography are integrated with traditional loading methods. Employing CT imaging and uniaxial compression tests, along with digital volume correlation, density-dependent material properties are analyzed. The study incorporates two snow samples, revealing density-dependent trends in modulus and viscosity terms. The results provide valuable insights into the non-homogeneous behavior of natural snow and contribute to fields such as glacier dynamics and avalanche prediction.Finally, the discrete element method with a variable bond model is used to simulate the behavior of granular materials, specifically focusing on snow. The model incorporates temperature dependent cohesion and effectively captures the angle of repose and stress-strain behavior of snow.In summary, this thesis presents an investigation into the mechanical properties of ice, capillary bridge formation, manufactured snow, natural snow, and granular materials, providing insights and contributing to the understanding of ice and snow in various environmental and engineering contexts.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bahaloohoreh, Hassan, 1983-
(författare)
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Experiments and simulations on the mechanics of ice and snow
- 2023
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study, experiments and simulations were conducted to investigate ice and snow. The ice sintering force as a function of temperature, pressing force (contact load), contact duration, and particle size during the primary stage of sintering was formulated using experimental methods along with an approximate, semi-analytic, close-form solution. It was shown that the ice sintering force increases nearly linear with increasing external pressing force but best approximated as a power law for dependency on both contact duration and particle size. Moreover, the exponent of the power law for size dependence is around the value predicted by general sintering theory. The temperature dependence of the sintering force is highly nonlinear and follows the Arrhenius equation. It was observed that at temperatures closer to the melting point, a liquid bridge is observed upon these paration of the contacted ice particles. The ratio of ultimate tensile strength of ice to the axial stress concentration factor in tension is found as an important factor in determining the sintering force, and a value of nearly 1.1 MPa was estimated to best catch the sintering force of ice in different conditions. From the temperature dependency, the activation energy is calculated to be around 41.4 kJ/mol, which is close to the previously reported value. Also, the results for the sintering force suggest that smaller particles are “stickier” than larger particles. Moreover, cavitation and surface cracking is observed during the formation of the ice particles and these can be one of the sources for the variations observed in the measured ice sintering force values.The presence of a capillary bridge in contact between an ice particle and a "smooth" (or rough) Aluminum surface at relative humidity around 50% and temperatures below the melting point was experimentally demonstrated. Experiments were conducted under controlled temperature conditions and the mechanical instability of the bridge upon separation of the ice particle from the Aluminum surface with a constant speed was considered. It was observed that a liquid bridge with a more pronounced volume at temperatures near the melting point is formed. It was showen that the separation distance is proportional to the cube root of the volume of the bridge. The volume of the liquidbridge is used to estimate the thickness of the liquid layer on the ice particle and the estimated value was shown to be within the range reported in the literature. The thickness of the liquid layer decreases from nearly 56 nm at -1.7◦C to 0.2 nm at -12.7◦C. The dependence can be approximated with a power law, proportional to (TM − T)−β, where β < 2.6. We further observe that for a rough surface, the capillary bridge formation in the considered experimental conditions vanishes.The Discrete Element Method (DEM) was employed to simulate the filling behavior of dry snow. Snow as a heterogeneous, hot material which is constituted from spherical ice particles which can form bonds. The bonding behavior of ice particles is important in determining the macroscopic behavior of snow. The bond diameter of ice-ice contacts as a function of time, compressive load, and strain rate is used and a DEM for dry snow was developed and programmed in MATLAB. A beam element with implemented damage model was used in the simulation. The simulated parameters were macroscopic angle of repose, packing density, and surface conditions as a function of temperature and fillingrate. The DEM results were able to verify the existing published experimental data. The simulation results showed that angle of repose of snow decreased with decreasing the temperature, the surface became irregular due to particles rotation and re-arrangement for lower falling speeds of particles, and density increased with depth of deposition.
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| 6. |
- Bahaloohoreh, Hassan, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Ice sintering: Dependence of sintering force on temperature, load, duration, and particle size
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 131:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present experiments along with an approximate, semi-analytic, close-form solution to predict ice sintering force as a function of temperature, contact load, contact duration, and particle size during the primary stage of sintering. The ice sintering force increases nearly linear with increasing contact load but nonlinear with both contact duration and particle size in the form of a power law. The exponent of the power law for size dependence is around the value predicted by general sintering theory. The temperature dependence of the sintering force is also nonlinear and follows the Arrhenius equation. At temperatures closer to the melting point, a liquid bridge is observed upon the separation of the contacted ice particles. We also find that the ratio of ultimate tensile strength of ice to the axial stress concentration factor in tension is an important factor in determining the sintering force, and a value of nearly 1.1 MPa can best catch the sintering force of ice in different conditions. We find that the activation energy is around 41.4KJ/mol41.4KJ/mol, which is close to the previously reported data. Also, our results suggest that smaller particles are “stickier” than larger particles. Moreover, during the formation of the ice particles, cavitation and surface cracking is observed which can be one of the sources for the variations observed in the measured ice sintering force.
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| 7. |
- Bahaloohoreh, Hassan, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Material mapping strategy to identify the density-dependent properties of dry natural snow
- 2024
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Ingår i: Applied Physics A. - : Springer Nature. - 0947-8396 .- 1432-0630. ; 130:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mechanical properties of natural snow play a crucial role in understanding glaciers, avalanches, polar regions, and snow-related constructions. Research has concentrated on how the mechanical properties of snow vary, primarily with its density; the integration of cutting-edge techniques like micro-tomography with traditional loading methods can enhance our comprehension of these properties in natural snow. This study employs CT imaging and uniaxial compression tests, along with the Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) to investigate the density-dependent material properties of natural snow. The data from two snow samples, one initially non-compressed (test 1) and the other initially compressed (test 2), were fed into Burger’s viscoelastic model to estimate the material properties. CT imaging with 801 projections captures the three-dimensional structure of the snow initially and after each loading step at -18C, using a constant deformation rate (0.2 mm/min). The relative density of the snow, ranging from 0.175 to 0.39 (equivalent to 160–360 kg/m), is determined at each load step through binary image segmentation. Modulus and viscosity terms, estimated from Burger’s model, exhibit a density-dependent increase. Maxwell and Kelvin–Voigt moduli range from 0.5 to 14 MPa and 0.1 to 0.8 MPa, respectively. Viscosity values for the Maxwell and Kelvin–Voigt models vary from 0.2 to 2.9 GPa-s and 0.2 to 2.3 GPa-s within the considered density range, showing an exponent between 3 and 4 when represented as power functions. Initial grain characteristics for tests 1 and 2, obtained through image segmentation, reveal an average Specific Surface Area (SSA) of around 55 1/mm and 40 1/mm, respectively. The full-field strain distribution in the specimen at each load step is calculated using the DVC, highlighting strong strain localization indicative of non-homogeneous behavior in natural snow. These findings not only contribute to our understanding of natural snow mechanics but also hold implications for applications in fields such as glacier dynamics and avalanche prediction.
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| 8. |
- Casselgren, Johan, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of velocity and curvature dependence for roadgrip measured by low lateral slip
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Vehicle Systems Modelling and Testing. - : InderScience Publishers. - 1745-6436 .- 1745-6444. ; 12:1/2, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Roadgrip is an important parameter for vehicle testing and road maintenance. Therefore, an evaluation of the velocity and curvature effects on roadgrip measurement was performed on asphalt roads and on two ice tracks using the continuous roadgrip apparatus RT3 Curve. The aim was to find suitable driving patterns for measurements on public roads and test tracks to ensure the repeatability of roadgrip measurements. During the evaluation, it was concluded that in order to achieve a reliable roadgrip value, regardless of road conditions, the radius of curvature should not be less than 20 m. The velocity dependency of the RT3 Curve is different for the two road conditions, with the measurements on ice being much more sensitive to velocity changes than the measurements on the dry asphalt.
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| 9. |
- Dittes, Nicholas, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Optical Attenuation Characterization of Water Contaminated Lubricating Grease
- 2018
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Ingår i: Tribology Transactions. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1040-2004 .- 1547-397X. ; 61:4, s. 726-732
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water-contaminated grease samples are investigated with attenuation spectra in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions in this article. The purpose of this investigation was to identify a model with optical attenuation spectra such that the water content of grease samples could be characterized with a simple measurement setup using common methodology from the field of instrumental chemistry. The ratio between two chosen wavelengths of light appears to approximate the water content of grease samples with an acceptable coefficient of determination using a methodology to show what can potentially be done to develop condition monitoring tools. To illustrate the outlined method, a prestudy of grease aging and oxidation levels is also investigated to show that other variables do not significantly change the measurement.
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| 10. |
- Eidevåg, Tobias, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Angle of repose of snow: An experimental study on cohesive properties
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cold Regions Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-232X .- 1872-7441. ; 194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The angle of repose is a measure reflecting the internal friction and cohesion properties of a granular material. In this paper, we present an experimental setup and measurements for the angle of repose of snow for seven different snow samples over a large range of temperatures. The results show that the angle of repose is dependent on the fall height, the temperature, and the grain size of the snow. These variables are quantified, and their interdependencies are separately studied. With increased snow temperature, the angle of repose increases, and this can be explained by the presence of a liquid layer on ice that can be thermodynamically stable at temperatures below the melting point of water. With decreasing grain size the angle of repose also increases which is expected since the cohesive energy decreases more slowly than the grain mass. For increasing fall height, the snow grains generally accelerate to larger collisional velocities, yielding a smaller angle of repose. In general, the dimensionless cohesion number was found to largely reflect the dependencies of the variables and is therefore useful for understanding what affects the angle of repose. The results demonstrate that the drag force and collision dynamics of ice grains are important for understanding how snow accumulates on a surface, for example if one desires predicting snow accretion by simulating a dispersed cloud of snow. © 2021
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