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| 2. |
- Defeo, Omar, et al.
(författare)
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Co-management in Latin American small-scale shellfisheries : assessment from long-term case studies
- 2016
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Ingår i: Fish and Fisheries. - : Wiley. - 1467-2960 .- 1467-2979. ; 17:1, s. 176-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Co-management (Co-M), defined as the sharing of management tasks and responsibilities between governments and local users, is emerging as a powerful institutional arrangement to redress fisheries paradigm failures, yet long-term assessments of its performance are lacking. A comparative analysis of five small-scale Latin American shellfisheries was conducted to identify factors suggesting success and failure. In Chile, Uruguay and Mexico Co-M produced positive effects, including stabilization of landings at low levels, increase in abundance, CPUE, unit prices and revenues per unit of effort, and reduced interannual variability in several fishery indicators, particularly in landings. Co-M was successful because it was mainly bottom-up implemented and accompanied by-catch shares (spatial property rights and community quotas). By contrast, Co-M implementation was unable to prevent the collapse of the Galapagos sea cucumber fishery, as reflected by a decrease in abundance and CPUE. Negative effects were also observed in the Galapagos spiny lobster fishery during Co-M implementation. However, recovery was observed in recent years, reflected in a stabilization of fishing effort and the highest CPUE and economic revenues observed since the beginning of the Co-M implementation phase. The combined effects of market forces, climate variability and a moratorium on fishing effort were critical in fishery recovery. We conclude that Co-M is not a blueprint that can be applied to all shellfisheries to enhance their governability. These social-ecological systems need to be managed by jointly addressing problems related to the resources, their marine environment and the people targeting them, accounting for their socioeconomic and cultural contexts.
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| 3. |
- Gelcich, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Navigating transformations in governance of Chilean marine coastal resources
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 107:39, s. 16794-16799
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine ecosystems are in decline. New transformational changes in governance are urgently required to cope with overfishing, pollution, global changes, and other drivers of degradation. Here we explore social, political, and ecological aspects of a transformation in governance of Chile's coastal marine resources, from 1980 to today. Critical elements in the initial preparatory phase of the transformation were (i) recognition of the depletion of resource stocks, (ii) scientific knowledge on the ecology and resilience of targeted species and their role in ecosystem dynamics, and (iii) demonstration-scale experimental trials, building on smaller-scale scientific experiments, which identified new management pathways. The trials improved cooperation among scientists and fishers, integrating knowledge and establishing trust. Political turbulence and resource stock collapse provided a window of opportunity that triggered the transformation, supported by new enabling legislation. Essential elements to navigate this transformation were the ability to network knowledge from the local level to influence the decision-making processes at the national level, and a preexisting social network of fishers that provided political leverage through a national confederation of artisanal fishing collectives. The resultant governance scheme includes a revolutionary national system of marine tenure that allocates user rights and responsibilities to fisher collectives. Although fine tuning is necessary to build resilience of this new regime, this transformation has improved the sustainability of the interconnected social-ecological system. Our analysis of how this transformation unfolded provides insights into how the Chilean system could be further developed and identifies generalized pathways for improved governance of marine resources around the world.
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| 4. |
- Marín, Andrés, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring Social Capital in Chile's Coastal Benthic Comanagement System Using a Network Approach
- 2012
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Ingår i: Ecology and Society. - 1708-3087. ; 17:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comanagement success relies on the proper administration of resources and on the capacity of users to establish and maintain positive social relationships with multiple actors. We assessed multifunctional relationships of small-scale artisanal fisher organizations engaged in a coastal benthic resources comanagement system in Chile to explore bridging and linking social capital, using an egocentric network approach. The formal leaders of 38 small-scale fisher organizations were surveyed to investigate (1) similarities and differences in social capital among fisher organizations and regions, and (2) possible effects of social capital levels on comanagement performance. Results show that the best performing fisher organizations are those with higher levels of linking and bridging social capital. Positive and strong correlations exist between linking social capital levels and comanagement performance variables. Importantly, fisher organizations considered to manage resources successfully consistently presented high levels of linking social capital, irrespective of variability in bridging social capital. Using egocentric networks allows understanding actors' differences in the comanagement social structure, thus providing critical insights for improving comanagement systems.
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| 5. |
- Marín, Andrés, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of disasters on co-management governance networks : insights from a longitudinal comparative analysis of Chilean coastal small-scale fisheries
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Collaborative management networks are considered to increase users' resilience to environmental change and other hazards. Recent studies have explored which kinds of network structures better accommodate deliberate adaptive management to deal with uncertainty and change. However, we know little about how co-management networks change or adapt in response to actual social and ecological perturbations and disasters. In this research, we draw on longitudinal data to assess whether and how co-management facilitating relationships have changed after the 2010 Chilean tsunami in 21 fisher organizations in Bio-Bio region, as compared to 16 non-impacted organizations in Valparaiso region (control group). We specifically look at emergent patterns in the relationships between fisher organizations and multi-sector fishery counterparts (e.g., associated with post-disaster management and livelihood recovery needs) that might indicate changes in co-management governance networks. Our findings indicate that disasters, as the one analyzed, and other external perturbations are likely to change resource users’ relationships due to new priorities, needs and demands. These network adaptations can change information and resources distribution throughout these networks, affecting overall conditions and development opportunities for actors. Higher levels of trust, increased centralization and reduced fragmentation of relationships in BioBio region suggest higher adaptability of the network to eventual large external shocks. Post-disaster adaptive co-management policies, in Chile and elsewhere, may highly benefit from being open to support, take advantage of and integrate post-disaster emerging relationships in decision-making. Attention to changing networks can help securing equitable access to key resources and information and enhancing the long-term sustainability of co-management.
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| 6. |
- Marín, Andrés, et al.
(författare)
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The 2010 tsunami in Chile : Devastation and survival of coastal small-scalefishing communities
- 2010
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 34:6, s. 1381-1384
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2010, a tsunami generated by a magnitude 8.8 earthquake struck the central-south zone of Chile. Thisshort communication reports the direct impacts on the small-scale artisanal fishing capacity and coastallivelihoods along approximately 600 km of the coastline. Despite the magnitude of the catastrophe, theabsence of official warnings, and the failure of telecommunication networks only 8 fisher victims werereported out of a total death toll of more than 170. Results show that this trend is explained by socioculturalassets and a natural hazard subculture. This highlights the need to integrate contextual andbehavioural approaches in disaster management and rehabilitation policies.
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| 7. |
- Oyanedel, Rodrigo, et al.
(författare)
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Establishing marine protected areas through bottom-up processes : insights from two contrasting initiatives in Chile
- 2016
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Ingår i: Aquatic conservation. - : Wiley. - 1052-7613 .- 1099-0755. ; 26:1, s. 184-195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. Bottom-up participatory processes to create and manage no-take marine protected areas have been proposedas a way to scale-up marine conservation and deal with the lack of support and compliance of top-downconservation approaches. However, bottom-up conservation does not always lead to positive outcomes, thus itis increasingly important to understand the conditions that determine the establishment and implementation ofthese initiatives.2. Establishment and implementation processes were compared empirically for two contrasting bottom-upno-take marine protected areas that have been developing under the same political setting, however, one has beensuccessful and the other has stalled.3. Using mixed methods, stakeholders’ (a) motivations to participate in the no-take marine protected areainitiatives, (b) communication, support and information flow networks, (c) perceived participation, and(d) satisfaction with the establishment process of the bottom-up no-take marine protected areas, were assessed.4. Non-significant differences were found between the two initiatives in terms of stakeholders’ motivations tocreate a no-take marine protected area.5. Significant differences were found in stakeholders’ communication, support and information flow networks,in addition to differences in participation, and satisfaction with the establishment and implementation process.6. Results highlight that for the implementation and consolidation of bottom-up no-take marine protected areasinitiatives, common interests do not necessarily lead to common action, partnerships will not emerge automaticallyin response to potential benefits.7. Understanding disparities in participation, information sharing and communication are key aspects which must beconsidered for creating and supporting successful marine protected areas based on bottom-up participatory processes.
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