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- Arvidsson, Rickard, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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The zinc paradox – a problem for USEtox-based indicators of national chemical footprints?
- 2016
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Ingår i: SETAC Europe 22th Case Study Symposium, 20-22 September, Montpellier, France.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Considering the immense problem of chemical pollution worldwide, there is a great need for methods that can be used to calculate indicators of chemical footprints. Such indicators can be calculated for products and services using life cycle assessment (LCA), but also for whole nations. Indicators of national chemical footprints may include emissions within the nation’s borders only, or also emissions related to consumption (thus having a life cycle perspective). A limited number of studies ( 50% of the toxicity impacts for both ecotoxicity and human toxicity. For ecotoxicity, this is not unreasonable considering the notable toxicity of zinc to aquatic organisms. For human toxicity, this result is more surprising. Zinc is an essential trace element for humans that many take as a dietary supplement to prevent zinc deficiency. Non-LCA sources describe zinc as “relatively harmless” to human health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) does not list zinc among the top ten chemicals of major public health concern, although there are other metals on the list (mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic). These contradictory claims about zinc’s health impact seem to constitute a paradox. We present a review of existing studies assessing indicators of national chemical footprints, and of toxicological research related to zinc. We further discuss potential causes of this zinc paradox, as well as implications for assessments of indicators of national chemical footprints with USEtox.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bengtsson, Janne, et al.
(författare)
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Framtidens landsbygdsprogram och olika utmaningar
- 2017
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Ingår i: Boken "Så här ligger landet-tankar om landsbygdsprogram och landsbygdsutveckling", Jordbruksverket, Jönköping. ; , s. 171-178
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 4. |
- Bergez, J-E, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating agri-environmental indicators, ecosystem services assessment, life cycle assessment and yield gap analysis to assess the environmental sustainability of agriculture.
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ecological Indicators. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-160X. ; 141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agriculture’s primary function is the production of food, feed, fibre and fuel for the fast-growing world population. However, it also affects human health and ecosystem integrity. Policymakers make policies in order to avoid harmful impacts. How to assess such policies is a challenge. In this paper, we propose a conceptual framework to help evaluate the impacts of agricultural policies on the environment. Our framework represents the global system as four subsystems and their interactions. These four components are the cells of a 2 by 2 matrix [Agriculture, Rest of the word]; [Socio-eco system, Ecological system]. We then developed a set of indicators for environmental issues and positioned these issues in the framework. To assess these issues, we used four well-known existing approaches: Life Cycle Assessment, Ecosystem Services Analysis, Yield Gap Analysis and Agro-Environmental Indicators. Using these four approaches together provided a more holistic view of the impacts of a given policy on the system. We then applied our framework on existing cover crop policies using an extensive literature survey and analysing the different environmental issues mobilised by the four assessment approaches. This demonstration case shows that our framework may be of help for a full systemic assessment. Despite their differences (aims, scales, standardization, data requirements, etc.), it is possible and profitable to use the four approaches together. This is a significant step forward, though more work is needed to produce a genuinely operational tool.
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| 6. |
- Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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An LCA researcher's wish list - data and emission models needed to improve LCA studies of animal production
- 2013
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Ingår i: Animal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1751-7311 .- 1751-732X. ; 7:(suppl. 2), s. 212-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The last decade has seen an increase in environmental systems analysis of livestock production, resulting in a significant number of studies with a holistic approach often based on life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The growing public interest in global warming has added to this development; guidelines for carbon footprint (CF) accounting have been developed, including for greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting of animal products. Here we give an overview of methods for estimating GHG emissions, with emphasis on nitrous oxide, methane and carbon from land use change, presently used in LCA/CF studies of animal products. We discuss where methods and data availability for GHGs and nitrogen (N) compounds most urgently need to be improved in order to produce more accurate environmental assessments of livestock production. We conclude that the top priority is to improve models for N fluxes and emissions from soils and to implement soil carbon change models in LCA/CF studies of animal products. We also point at the need for more farm data and studies measuring emissions from soils, manure and livestock in developing countries.
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| 7. |
- Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Betande djur kan inte rädda klimatet
- 2013
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Ingår i: Land Lantbruk. - 2002-5599 .- 2002-5580.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 8. |
- Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond the borders – burdens of Swedish food consumption due to agrochemicals, greenhouse gases and land-use change
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 214, s. 644-652
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Authors Sweden's environmental policy aims to solve domestic environmental problems without increasing environmental and health impacts overseas. Realizing this aim requires an indicator system with a consumption-based (or “footprint”) perspective that captures both local and global impacts and their development over time. In this paper, we present a set of novel footprint indicators to measure environmental pressures from Swedish food consumption. The indicators are calculated by combining data and statistics on agrochemicals and deforestation emissions with EXIOBASE3, a global Multi-Regional Input Output (MRIO) database with a unique and high level of product detail across countries. We estimate the use of pesticides and antimicrobial veterinary medicines associated with current Swedish food consumption and compare those footprint indicators with the EU-28. Carbon emissions from deforestation are calculated with a land balance model and included in the overall carbon footprint of food. We find that Sweden, with its large reliance of food imports, exert a significant agro-chemical and climate footprint overseas, mainly in the EU and Latin America. We point to a need for better data and statistics on the use of pesticides, veterinary medicines and agrochemicals residuals (especially in developing countries) as well as improved spatial data on agricultural activity to further reduce uncertainty in the environmental footprint of Swedish food consumption.
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| 10. |
- Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Ekonomi och ekosystemtjänster i gräsbaserad mjölk- och nötköttsproduktion
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En stor del av den svenska jordbruksmarken utgörs av gräsmarker som används till foderproduktion åt nötkreatur. Denna markanvändning är mycket viktig för leveransen av en rad betydelsefulla ekosystemtjänster till samhället och för bevarandet av den biologiska mång-falden. Pågående igenväxningen av gräsmarker pga. olönsamhet, i synnerhet naturbetes-marker, hotar dessa tjänster och är en orsak till att miljömålet ”Ett varierat odlingslandskap” inte beräknas nås till 2020. Naturvårdsverkets bedömning är att det behövs starkare incitament för djurägare att hålla djur på naturbetesmarker. Även hos allmänheten finns en betalnings-vilja för att bevara naturbetesmarkerna. Projektet har, i dialog med lantbrukare, analyserat ekonomi och ekosystemtjänster i gräsbase-rade produktionssystem för nötkreatur, med bete i fokus. Studien inkluderar några möjliga framtida system för mjölkproduktion där intensiteten i avkastning per ko är lägre än dagens och istället inriktad på en kombinerad produktion av mjölk och kött. Ekonomisk lönsamhet, utan tillägg av några jordbruksstöd, har beräknats för fem olika eko-logiska typgårdar, fyra med mjölkproduktion och en med dikoproduktion. Typgården ”inten-siv” motsvarar dagens ekologiska produktion framräknad till år 2030 (10 ton mjölk/ko och år), medan typgårdarna ”gräs” producerar på 6, 7 respektive 8 ton mjölk per ko och år med stor andel grovfoder och bete i foderstaterna. Alla ungdjur (utöver rekrytering) föds upp till slakt på gården och gårdens areal motsvaras av djurens behov av grovfoder och spannmål. Produktionskalkyler för olika storlek på naturbetesmarker togs fram i projektet. Mjölkproduktionen visade ett positivt ekonomiskt resultat (utan tillägg av några jordbruks-stöd) för alla typgårdar, medan all köttproduktion gick med förlust. Det sammanlagda netto-resultatet för mjölk och kött var positivt för de två typgårdarna ”intensiv” och ”gräs 8 ton” medan det var negativt för övriga; särskilt för dikogården var resultatet kraftigt negativt. Den ekonomiska lönsamheten påverkades starkt av skiftesstorlek pga. stora skillnader i bruknings-kostnader. För att nå lönsamhet krävs det högre ersättningar för naturbetesmarker och för brukandet av små åker- och betesskiften än vad dagens jordbruksstöd ger. Typgården ”diko”, där naturbetesmarker utgjorde det mesta av betet, skulle t.ex. behöva en ersättning motsva-rande 6000 kronor per hektar för dessa marker för att få lönsamhet. Analysen av olika stödtypers inverkan visar att ett omkretsbaserat ”kantstöd”, istället för dagens arealbaserade, kan gynna brukning av hotade gräsmarker och de ekosystemtjänster de levererar. För att bevara jordbrukets viktiga ekosystemtjänster menar vi att det behövs en diskussion kring hur de totala stödbeloppen till lantbruket fördelas mellan de båda ytterligheterna intensivt odlad åkermark med stora skiften och naturbetesmarker som ofta utgörs av små skiften med höga skötselkostnader per hektar. Leveransen av reglerande och kulturella eko-systemtjänster skiljer sig radikalt åt mellan dessa två ytterligheter av markanvändning. Brister i tillgängligt kunskaps- och dataunderlag för gräsmarker behöver åtgärdas för att säkerställa att beräkningar av ersättningar fördelas rätt mellan olika markanvändning och gynnar gräs-markernas ekosystemtjänster. Summary A large share of Swedish agricultural land is grasslands used for cattle production. These grasslands deliver a range of important ecosystem services and they are crucial for biodiver-sity conservation. The maintenance of grasslands, especially permanent pastures, are threat-ened by a decrease in the number of grazing cattle and lack of profitability for farmers with small-scale fields which leads to land abandonment and regrowth of forest. This is one reason why the environmental objective "A varied agricultural landscape" is not expected to be reached by 2020. According to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency there is a need of stronger incentives to farmers to keep grazing animals. There is also a public willingness to pay for conservation of permanent pastureland. The project has, in dialogue with farmers, analyzed the economy and ecosystem services in grass-based cattle production systems, with focus on grazing. The study includes scenarios for future milk production systems where the intensity of yield per cow is lower than today; instead milk production is focused on a combination of both milk and meat. Economic profitability, without any public support through the EU Farm Policy (CAP), was calculated for five modelled organic cattle farms, four with milk production and one with dedicated beef production. The most intensive dairy farm corresponded to current organic production projected at year 2030 (thus yielding 10 ton of milk/cow and year), while the "grass" farms produce 6, 7 and 8 ton of milk per cow and year respectively in 2030. In these grass scenarios, dairy cows´ feed rations had larger proportion of roughage and pasture. All young cattle (excl. replacement heifers) were bred at the farm for meat production and the acreage of the farm was matched by the animals’ need for pasture, roughage and grain. Cost estimates for pastureland were calculated based on data collected in the project. Milk production showed a positive economic result without public support through CAP, regardless of farm type and milk intensity, while all meat production yielded negative result. The total farm net income for milk and meat was positive for the intensive dairy farm and the modelled grass dairy farm producing 8 ton milk/cow and year, while it was negative for the other farm types. The dedicated beef farm showed a strong negative result. Economic profitability was strongly influenced by field size; the sensitivity analysis found this factor highly important for differences in operating costs. In order to reach profitability in grass-based cattle production, pastureland and small-scale fields need to be better compensated than present distribution of farm income support in the CAP. In order to maintain important ecosystem services in agriculture, a broad discussion is needed on how farm income support should be distributed between different uses of land, with inten-sively farmed cropland on large fields on one side and permanent pastureland on small fields (with high operating costs per hectare) on the other. The delivery of regulating and cultural ecosystem services differs significantly between these two very different types of land use. The project has identified several data gaps regarding grasslands, especially pasture, which needs to be addressed to ensure that cost-based payments and payments for ecosystem services for different land use are based on realistic numbers.
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