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- Cederholm, Mathias
(författare)
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Bönder som värnare – beväpning, status och uppror : feodala kontrapunkter i Europa i ett longue durée-perspektiv ca 1000–1800
- 2010
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Ingår i: Historisk Tidskrift. - 0345-469X. ; 130:4, s. 643-663
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Peasant revolts in Europe in the period 1000–1800 often involved militarized peasants. In Western Europe, this appeared in particular between 1300 and 1500 in connection with the late medieval process of militarization of the population. After the sixteenth century a similar process took place in central and Eastern Europe, where the revolts tended to be dominated by border and frontier populations. In both areas, revolts were triggered by complaints of failed military protection and demands for tax privileges. Such demands were viable especially in border regions in the west until 1600 but for far longer in the east. Anti-aristocratic sentiments were also common. In the east, the border gentry often allied with the peasant group’s anti-feudal struggle against the “second serfdom”. From different perspectives, the partners in such alliances could invoke ideas of personal and judicial freedom, as well as of freedom from taxation, which corresponded to the right to bear arms. Assuming responsibility for military defence on the one hand opened for a questioning of established hierarchical relations, because protection was a cornerstone of feudal ideology. On the other hand, militarization in non-noble dominated regions tended to foster traditional feudal ideas and functions of status, political competence etc. among peasants and were often invoked in uprisings. This illustrates the importance of a procedural understanding of political culture and ideology, norms and values in the analysis of social phenomena also from a longue durée- perspective. European feudalism can be seen as a long-lived system that was frequently contested by the subjected peasants, with regard to economic, political, and military issues.
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| 2. |
- Cederholm, Mathias
(författare)
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De värjde sin rätt : senmedeltida bondemotstånd i Skåne och Småland
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- "They defended their Right: late medieval Peasant Resistance in Scania and Småland." The aim of this thesis is to explore in what ways peasants could resist and protest against authorities during the final decades of the Nordic late middle ages, the years 1490-1525. It consists of a comparison between the Danish province of (Scania) Skåne and the Swedish province of Småland. The study is performed in three stages. First I do a survey of what conflicts took place between peasants and the different forms of authorities; the Crown and its officials, the Church, and the landlords. This survey also shed lights on what resources were more or less systematically disputed during the period. Important questions were for example the costs of the Kalmar union wars, and the peasants rights to armament or protection, but also ? especially in Scania ? rights to woods and other resources, which were very contested during the period. Then follows an analysis of which forms of protest and interaction, and which arenas, the peasants could use in these conflicts. Finally there is a survey over which political arguments, norms and values, the peasants used in their written communications as well as in meetings and in other forms of practice. These arguments are also analyzed in relation to the surrounding political culture of the society in large. The study makes use of several approaches in recent research regarding peasant protests. Important is the research concept of political culture, which is discussed and elaborated in the study, and which supports the aim of the study to show the variety of means of protest, resistance and political action the peasants actually had. We meet forms of action as supplications, local negotiations, legal action, feuds, collective oath-making and uprisings. The analysis also benefits from recent focus on different types of alliances between peasants and lords and other social groups, which often made conflicts multi-levelled and complicated. I stress how the turbulent conditions in the society had the function of reproducing several of the most important norms and values in the political culture. Concepts and social functions which had an important role in the political culture but which also were disputed and contested, were peace and protection, reciprocity, liberty, law/justice and customary law, public good, reasonable subsistence, harmony/concord and consent, right of resistance.
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| 3. |
- Cederholm, Mathias
(författare)
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En ifrågasatt ståndsordning – bondebeväpning, privilegier och revolter : social och politisk status i gränsregionen mellan Danmark och Sverige kring 1500
- 2012
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Ingår i: Temp. - 1904-5565. ; :4, s. 37-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article investigates the relation between conceptions of status and processes of militarization of peasants in the medieval and early-modern society. In an initial overview we see how many revolts in western Europe in late middle ages were connected to an increased military participation of peasant groups. After 1500 similar processes can be found in the east european frontier regions. Economic rights, tax privileges, political and legal competences, a ”peasant gentry” status, antiaristocratic sentiments - were issues of status which often were raised. These patterns are also found in the border region between Denmark and Sweden around 1500. The peasantry was drawn into recurrent levies, and tax exemptions developed. In several larger rebellions the issues of the right to be armed, of taxes/exemptions and anti-aristocratism were central, and several political/legal competences of the peasantry were temporarily strengthened. The tensions regarding status around 1500 could involve material manifestations of status as well. In at least one revolt in the region, also the right to lavish buildings and clothing was defended. In many ways revolts were about status, and military participance could in some contexts highten the status of peasant groups, but we also have to understand status in a broader way.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Cederholm, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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From protection to privileges - forsvar and herligheder : concept analysis as social history, Denmark-Scania 1450-1650
- 2004
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Ingår i: Modernisation and tradition : European local and manorial societies 1500-1900. - 9189116402 ; , s. 25-47
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This is a study of the Danish nobility in the period 1450-1650. The aim is to show the changes in the socio-economic foundations of this group under advance during the period, and how this corresponded with changes in the methods and articulations which were used to create legitimicy för the nobility and its' resource claims. Among else we can see that the discourse supposed to ground the legitimacy of the Estate changed from a stress on the nobility as a group of protectors of their subjects to an increasing understanding of the nobility as an Estate of owners of private property. The idea of noble private property was at the same time to a large degree guaranteed by royal privileges, which complicates our understanding of the development of the idea of property.
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| 6. |
- Cederholm, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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Konsten att hävda en skog : bönder och herrar i senmedeltida skogskonflikter i Skåne
- 2006
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Ingår i: Gods och bönder från högmedeltid till nutid : kontinuitet genom omvandling på Vittskövle och andra skånska gods. - 9789189116597 ; , s. 317-361
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this article the author examines varieties of resource-conflicts between peasants and lords regarding woods and forests in Scania, Denmark, during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Important results are among others that the wood resource was very disputed this period due to an increasing population pressure as well as an expansive landed aristocracy. The patterns of conflict were often complex, involving cooperation between peasants and lords on both sides. The conflicts also illustrate the different actions peasants could choose in social conflicts, with legal negotiations, risings, political negotiations and some times royal privileges and legislation.
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