| 1. |
- Charrieau, Laurie
(författare)
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DISCO - Drivers and Impacts of Coastal Ocean Acidification
- 2017. - 1st
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ocean acidification, mainly attributed to the increasing anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere, is characterised by a lowering pH together with a shift in the sea water carbonate chemistry toward lower concentration of carbonate ions. On the coasts, where the environmental variability is high due to natural and human impacts, ocean acidification mainly affects the frequency, magnitude, and duration of lower pH and lower calcium carbonate saturation events. Coastal ecosystems are adapted to environmental variability such as frequent changes in salinity, temperature, pH, oxygen levels and organic matter content. However, the effects of an increase of the range of this variability on coastal species, and especially on calcifiers, are still not clear. In this context, this thesis explores the impacts of coastal ocean acidification combined with other environmental stressors on benthic foraminifera.In the Skagerrak-Baltic Sea region, foraminifera faunas varied along a strong gradient in terms of salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentration, and species were adapted to local environmental stressors. However, the specimens of Ammonia spp. and Elphidium spp. observed in the south Baltic Sea were partially to completely dissolved, probably due to a combination of different stressors affecting the required energy for biomineralisation.In a culture study, the coastal species Ammonia spp. and E. crispum were found to be resistant to dissolution under varying salinity and pH, which reflects the environmental variations in their natural habitats. However, their resistance to lower pH is decreased when cultured in brackish water conditions, and living decalcified specimens were also observed under a salinity of 5. This underlines the importance of a high salinity in the calcification process of foraminifera.At the entrance of the Baltic Sea, environmental changes during the last 200 years were reconstructed using foraminiferal faunas. Four periods were identified with varying oxygen levels, salinity, organic matter content, and pollution with lower pH. This highlights that foraminiferal faunas were able to adapt to multiple environmental stressors.This thesis concludes that, even if coastal species of foraminifera can tolerate extremely varying conditions in their environment on the short term, it is likely that tolerance thresholds will be passed for benthic ecosystems under the future increase in anthropogenic impacts such as coastal ocean acidification.Further studies of micro-organisms such as foraminifera will be necessary to improve our understanding of past environmental changes and to put present and future changes into a larger context.
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| 2. |
- Charrieau, Laurie M., et al.
(författare)
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Decalcification and survival of benthic foraminifera under the combined impacts of varying pH and salinity
- 2018
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Ingår i: Marine Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-1136. ; 138, s. 36-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coastal areas display natural large environmental variability such as frequent changes in salinity, pH, and carbonate chemistry. Anthropogenic impacts – especially ocean acidification – increase this variability, which may affect the living conditions of coastal species, particularly, calcifiers. We performed culture experiments on living benthic foraminifera to study the combined effects of lowered pH and salinity on the calcification abilities and survival of the coastal, calcitic species Ammonia sp. and Elphidium crispum. We found that in open ocean conditions (salinity ∼35) and lower pH than usual values for these species, the specimens displayed resistance to shell (test) dissolution for a longer time than in brackish conditions (salinity ∼5 to 20). However, the response was species specific as Ammonia sp. specimens survived longer than E. crispum specimens when placed in the same conditions of salinity and pH. Living, decalcified juveniles of Ammonia sp. were observed and we show that desalination is one cause for the decalcification. Finally, we highlight the ability of foraminifera to survive under Ωcalc < 1, and that high salinity and [Ca2+] as building blocks are crucial for the foraminiferal calcification process.
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| 3. |
- Charrieau, Laurie M., et al.
(författare)
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Improved wet splitter for micropalaeontological analysis, and assessment of uncertainty using data from splitters
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Micropalaeontology. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 0262-821X .- 2041-4978. ; 37:1, s. 191-194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analyses of foraminiferal assemblages have often been implemented on dry samples, which are easy to split. In some cases, the wet-picking method is preferred as it allows the preservation of more foraminiferal forms and facilitates the picking of live foraminifera. However, the increased execution time needed for wet picking may cause micropalaeontologists to refrain from employing it in a routine way. Here we present an improved and cost-effective wet splitter (including a 3-D printing file) for micropalaeontological samples aimed to reduce picking time while keeping information loss to a minimum. We demonstrate small sample losses as well as statistical consistency across splits. We show that the time saved picking a subset will always be larger than the relative increase in statistical uncertainty.
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| 4. |
- Charrieau, Laurie M., et al.
(författare)
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The effects of multiple stressors on the distribution of coastal benthic foraminifera: A case study from the Skagerrak-Baltic Sea region
- 2018
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Ingår i: Marine Micropaleontology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-8398. ; 139, s. 42-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coastal ecosystems are subjected to both large natural variability and increasing anthropogenic impact on environmental parameters such as changes in salinity, temperature, and pH. This study documents the distribution of living benthic foraminifera under the influence of multiple environmental stressors in the Skagerrak-Baltic Sea region. Sediment core tops were studied at five sites along a transect from the Skagerrak to the Baltic Sea, with strong environmental gradients, especially in terms of salinity, pH, calcium carbonate saturation and dissolved oxygen concentration in the bottom water and pore water. We found that living foraminiferal densities and species richness were higher at the Skagerrak station, where the general living conditions were relatively beneficial for Foraminifera, with higher salinity and Ωcalc in the water column and higher pH and oxygen concentration in the bottom and pore water. The most common species reported at each station reflect the differences in the environmental conditions between the stations. The dominant species were Cassidulina laevigata and Hyalinea balthica in the Skagerrak, Stainforthia fusiformis, Nonionella aff. stella and Nonionoides turgida in the Kattegat and N. aff. stella and Nonionellina labradorica in the Öresund. The most adverse conditions, such as low salinity, low Ωcalc, low dissolved oxygen concentrations and low pH, were noted at the Baltic Sea stations, where the calcareous tests of the dominant living taxa Ammonia spp. and Elphidium spp. were partially to completely dissolved, probably due to a combination of different stressors affecting the required energy for biomineralization. Even though Foraminifera are able to live in extremely varying environmental conditions, the present results suggest that the benthic coastal ecosystems in the studied region, which are apparently affected by an increase in the range of environmental variability, will probably be even more influenced by a future increase in anthropogenic impacts, including coastal ocean acidification and deoxygenation.
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| 5. |
- Charrieau, Laurie, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid environmental responses to climate-induced hydrographic changes in the Baltic Sea entrance
- 2019
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1726-4189 .- 1726-4170. ; 16, s. 3835-3852
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Öresund (the Sound), which is a part of the Danish straits, is linking the marine North Sea and the brackish Baltic Sea. It is a transition zone where ecosystems are subjected to large gradients in terms of salinity, temperature, carbonate chemistry, and dissolved oxygen concentration. In addition to the highly variable environmental conditions, the area is responding to anthropogenic disturbances in e.g. nutrient loading, temperature, and pH. We have reconstructed environmental changes in the Öresund during the last c. 200 years, and especially dissolved oxygen concentration, salinity, organic matter content, and pollution levels, using benthic foraminifera and sediment geochemistry. Five zones with characteristic foraminiferal assemblages were identified, each reflecting the environmental conditions for respective period. The largest changes occurred ~ 1950, when the foraminiferal assemblage shifted from a low diversity fauna, dominated by the species Stainforthia fusiformis to higher diversity and abundance, and dominance of the Elphidium group. Concurrently, the grain-size distribution shifted from clayey – to more sandy sediment. To explore the causes for the environmental changes, we used time-series of reconstructed wind conditions coupled with large-scale climate variations as recorded by the NAO index, as well as the ECOSMO II model of currents in the Öresund area. The results indicate increased changes in the water circulation towards stronger currents in the area since the 1950's. The foraminiferal fauna responded quickly (< 10 years) to the environmental changes. Notably, when the wind conditions, and thereby the current system, returned in the 1980's to the previous pattern, the foraminiferal species assemblage did not rebound, but the foraminiferal faunas rather displayed a new equilibrium state.
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| 6. |
- Choquel, Constance, et al.
(författare)
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3D morphological variability in foraminifera unravel environmental changes in the Baltic Sea entrance over the last 200 years
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Earth Science. - 2296-6463. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human activities in coastal areas have intensified over the last 200 years, impacting also high-latitude regions such as the Baltic Sea. Benthic foraminifera, protists often with calcite shells (tests), are typically well preserved in marine sediments and known to record past bottom-water conditions. Morphological analyses of marine shells acquired by microcomputed tomography (µCT) have made significant progress toward a better understanding of recent environmental changes. However, limited access to data processing and a lack of guidelines persist when using open-source software adaptable to different microfossil shapes. This study provides a post-data routine to analyze the entire test parameters: average thickness, calcite volume, calcite surface area, number of pores, pore density, and calcite surface area/volume ratio. A case study was used to illustrate this method: 3D time series (i.e., 4D) of Elphidium clavatum specimens recording environmental conditions in the Baltic Sea entrance from the period early industrial (the 1800s) to present-day (the 2010 s). Long-term morphological trends in the foraminiferal record revealed that modern specimens have ∼28% thinner tests and ∼91% more pores than their historic counterparts. However, morphological variability between specimens and the BFAR (specimens cm−2 yr−1) in E. clavatum were not always synchronous. While the BFAR remained unchanged, morphological variability was linked to natural environmental fluctuations in the early industrial period and the consequences of anthropogenic climate change in the 21st century. During the period 1940–2000 s, the variations in BFAR were synchronous with morphological variability, revealing both the effects of the increase in human activities and major hydrographic changes. Finally, our interpretations, based on E. clavatum morphological variations, highlight environmental changes in the Baltic Sea area, supporting those documented by the foraminiferal assemblages.
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| 7. |
- Ljung, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Recent Increased Loading of Carbonaceous Pollution from Biomass Burning in the Baltic Sea
- 2022
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Ingår i: ACS Omega. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2470-1343. ; 7, s. 35102-35108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Black carbon (BC), spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are carbonaceous pollutants affecting the climate, environment, and human health. International regulations limit their emissions, and the present emissions are followed by monitoring programs. However, the monitoring programs have limited spatio-temporal coverage and only span the last decades. We can extend the knowledge of historical emission rates by measuring pollution levels in radiometrically dated marine and lacustrine sediment sequences. Here we present measurements of BC, SCP, and PAH from a sediment sequence sampled in the Öresund strait, between Denmark and Sweden and dated back to CE 1850. Our data show a massive increase in the burial rates of all measured pollutants starting in the 1940s. The pollution deposition peaked in the 1970-1980s and declined through the 1990s. However, the declining trend was reversed in the 2000s. Source appointment of PAHs shows a relatively higher contribution of emissions from wood-burning since CE 2000. This coincides with a change towards the increased use of biomass for both municipal and regional energy production in Scandinavia. Our results demonstrate that changes in energy production have caused changes in the delivery of carbonaceous pollution to marine environments. The increase in particle emissions from wood burning is potentially posing a future environmental and health risk.
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