| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(author)
-
Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
-
In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Shen, JL, et al.
(author)
-
Cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in 3-month-old infants: Comparative characteristics and feasibility for infant vestibular screening
- 2022
-
In: Frontiers in neurology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-2295. ; 13, s. 992392-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We compared the characteristics of air-conducted sound cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (ACS-cVEMP) and bone-conducted vibration cVEMP (BCV-cVEMP) among 3-month-old infants with normal hearing and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), and healthy adults to explore the feasibility and optimal strategies for infant vestibular screening.Methods29 infants (58 ears) were divided into two groups according to hearing (group I: normal hearing ears; group II: SNHL ears), 20 healthy adults were defined as group III. The results of response rate, P13 and N23 latency, P13-N23 interval, amplitudes, and corrected interaural asymmetry ratio (IAR) were recorded and compared among three groups.ResultsThe response rates of ACS-cVEMP in three groups were 88.89, 62.00, 100%, respectively. The P13 and N23 latencies, and P13-N23 interval did not differ significantly between group I and II (p = 0.866, p = 0.190, p = 0.252). A significant difference was found between group I and III (p = 0.016, p < 0.001, p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in raw or corrected amplitude between group I and II (p = 0.741, p = 0.525), while raw and corrected amplitudes in group III were significantly larger than group I (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). For BCV-cVEMP, the response rates in three groups were 100, 86.36, 100%, respectively, No significant difference existed in the P13 and N23 latency, or P13-N23 interval between group I and II (p = 0.665, p = 0.925, p = 0.806), however, P13 and N23 latencies were significantly longer in group III than group I (p < 0.001, p = 0.018), but not in P13-N23 interval (p = 0.110). There was no significant difference in raw or corrected amplitude between group I and II (p = 0.771, p = 0.155) or in raw amplitude between group I and III (p = 0.093), however, a significant difference existed in corrected amplitude between group I and III (p < 0.001).ConclusionsCompared with adults, 3-month-old infants with normal hearing presented with equivalent response rates, shorter P13 and N23 latencies, smaller corrected amplitudes, and a wider IAR range for both ACS and BCV-cVEMP. SNHL infants had equivalent response rates of BCV-cVEMP, lower response rates of ACS-cVEMP than normal hearing infants. When responses were present, characteristics of ACS and BCV-cVEMP in SNHL infants were similar with normal hearing infants. ACS combined with BCV-cVEMP are recommended to improve the accuracy of vestibular screening.
|
|
