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- Berisa, Aldin, et al.
(författare)
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AVB-aware Routing and Scheduling for Critical Traffic in Time-sensitive Networks with Preemption
- 2022
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Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery. - 9781450396509 ; , s. 207-218
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Time-Sensitive Network (TSN) amendments and protocols add capabilities on top of standard 802.1 Ethernet for guaranteeing the timeliness of both (isochronous) scheduled traffic (ST) and shaped (audio-video) communication (AVB) in distributed applications. ST streams are guaranteed via an offline computed schedule controlling the time-aware gate mechanism of IEEE 802.1Qbv, while AVB real-time streams are shaped via a credit-based shaper (CBS) and scheduler with lower-priority than ST. Although the two traffic classes use different TSN mechanisms, they are interrelated as the ST traffic class schedule influences the latency of AVB traffic. In this paper, we propose a method for the integration of the ST schedule synthesis with an analysis for the AVB class featuring IEEE 802.1Qbu frame preemption under different configurations to reduce the interference between the two classes. We first present a new worst-case response-time (WCRT) analysis for the AVB traffic class in TSN networks with preemption, considering an arbitrary number of AVB queues and different configurations for the CBS credit behavior. Then, we integrate the creation of ST schedule tables with the schedulability analysis of AVB traffic using a heuristic algorithm featuring frame preemption and a novel routing mechanism aimed at maximizing AVB schedulability. Finally, we evaluate our approach using both real-world and synthetic use cases showing the efficiency both in terms of schedule creation runtime and in terms of increasing the schedulability of lower-priority AVB traffic.
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- Struhar, Vaclav, et al.
(författare)
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Hierarchical Resource Orchestration Framework for Real-time Containers
- 2024
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Ingår i: ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems. - : ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. - 1539-9087 .- 1558-3465. ; 23:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Container-based virtualization is a promising deployment model in fog and edge computing applications, because it allows a seamless co-existence of virtualized applications in a heterogeneous environment without introducing significant overhead. Certain application domains (e.g., industrial automation, automotive, or aerospace) mandate that applications exhibit a certain degree of temporal predictability. Container-based virtualization cannot be easily used for such applications, since the technology is not designed to support real-time properties and handle temporal disturbances. This article proposes a framework consisting of a static offline and a dynamic online phase for resource allocation and adaptive re-dimensioning of real-time containers. In the offline phase, the optimal initial deployment and dimensioning of containers are decided based on ideal system models. Additionally, to adapt to dynamic variations caused by changing workloads or interferences, the online phase adapts the CPU usage and limits of real-time containers at runtime to improve the real-time behavior of the real-time containerized applications while optimizing resource usage. We implement the framework in a real Linux-based system and showthrough a series of experiments that the proposed framework is able to adjust and re-distribute computing resources between containers to improve the real-time behavior of containerized applications in the presence of temporal disturbances while optimizing resource usage.
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- Struhar, Vaclav, et al.
(författare)
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Resource Adaptation for Real-Time Containers Considering Quality of Control
- 2023
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Ingår i: IEEE Int. Conf. Emerging Technol. Factory Autom., ETFA. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9798350339918
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Container-based virtualization has become a promising deployment model for industrial applications mainly due to its benefits, such as providing support for co-located applications in heterogeneous environments. However, such facilitation brings challenges, including full temporal isolation among real-time applications and support for time-critical applications. In this paper, we tackle such challenges, in particular when the applications are time-sensitive Control Applications. The literature suggests that flexible timing constraints for Control Applications are beneficial in responding to disturbances and minimizing response deviation. Therefore, we propose a mechanism to support such a runtime adaptation in container-based virtualization. To show the performance of the proposed mechanism, we implement our approach on a Linux-based hierarchical scheduling platform, and we evaluate it for a Control application.
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