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- Sevastik, Per
(författare)
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Informell modifikation av traktater till följd av ny sedvanerätt och praxis : En studie mot bakgrund av FN-stadgans innovativa utveckling
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis deals with the issue concerning the influence of customary international law on treaty law. Its main purpose is to analyse the interaction between the two most important sources of international law: custom and treaties. In this respect two objectives are set forth. The first is to examine the potential power of customary international law and what actual mechanisms involve informal modification of treaties. The second is to describe informal modification within a treaty regime. Does the process within the regime involve customary international law? The author argues that there is a distinction between informal modification in the light of subsequent customary international law and subsequent practice that develops within a treaty regime.The issue of how to assess the so-called "innovations" of the UN Charter is also described in this thesis. These "innovations' can be seen as either informal modifications of the Charter, or as new interpretations of the "same old rule". Thus, if practice within the Charter regime develops sub lege it is a question of interpretation. If practice develops contra legem a de facto modification may occur. The instances of de facto modifications are, however, rare and in most cases the Charter is interpreted sub lege and in both cases with no involvement of customary international law. Nevertheless doctrine treats these incidents interchangeably, i.e. as customary law. The International Law Commission Draft on the Law of Treaties provided that a treaty may be modified by subsequent practice in the application of the treaty establishing their agreement to that effect. Although this provision was not included in the text of the Vienna Convention, informal treaty modification by subsequent practice of the parties is generally considered to be a rule of customary law.
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- Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S., et al.
(författare)
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A novel rare CUBN variant and three additional genes identified in Europeans with and without diabetes : results from an exome-wide association study of albuminuria
- 2019
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Ingår i: Diabetologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0012-186X .- 1432-0428. ; 62:2, s. 292-305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims/hypothesis: Identifying rare coding variants associated with albuminuria may open new avenues for preventing chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease, which are highly prevalent in individuals with diabetes. Efforts to identify genetic susceptibility variants for albuminuria have so far been limited, with the majority of studies focusing on common variants. Methods: We performed an exome-wide association study to identify coding variants in a two-stage (discovery and replication) approach. Data from 33,985 individuals of European ancestry (15,872 with and 18,113 without diabetes) and 2605 Greenlanders were included. Results: We identified a rare (minor allele frequency [MAF]: 0.8%) missense (A1690V) variant in CUBN (rs141640975, β = 0.27, p = 1.3 × 10−11) associated with albuminuria as a continuous measure in the combined European meta-analysis. The presence of each rare allele of the variant was associated with a 6.4% increase in albuminuria. The rare CUBN variant had an effect that was three times stronger in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with those without (pinteraction = 7.0 × 10−4, β with diabetes = 0.69, β without diabetes = 0.20) in the discovery meta-analysis. Gene-aggregate tests based on rare and common variants identified three additional genes associated with albuminuria (HES1, CDC73 and GRM5) after multiple testing correction (pBonferroni < 2.7 × 10−6). Conclusions/interpretation: The current study identifies a rare coding variant in the CUBN locus and other potential genes associated with albuminuria in individuals with and without diabetes. These genes have been implicated in renal and cardiovascular dysfunction. The findings provide new insights into the genetic architecture of albuminuria and highlight target genes and pathways for the prevention of diabetes-related kidney disease.
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| 6. |
- Cramér, Per, 1958
(författare)
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A European Constitution or not?
- 2003
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Ingår i: The Post-Laeken Process in an Academic Perspective. - 1404-0026.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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