| 1. |
- Mourad, Khaldoon A., et al.
(författare)
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Potential fresh water saving using greywater in toilet flushing in Syria.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 92:10, s. 2447-2453
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Greywater reuse is becoming an increasingly important factor for potable water saving in many countries. Syria is one of the most water scarce countries in the Middle East. However, greywater reuse is still not common in the country. Regulations and standards for greywater reuse are not available. Recently, however, several stakeholders have started to plan for greywater reuse. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential for potable water saving by using greywater for toilet flushing in a typical Syrian city. The Sweida city in the southern part of Syria was chosen for this purpose. Interviews were made in order to reflect the social acceptance, water consumption, and the percentage of different indoor water uses. An artificial wetland (AW) and a commercial bio filter (CBF) were proposed to treat the greywater, and an economic analysis was performed for the treatment system. Results show that using treated greywater for toilet flushing would save about 35% of the drinking water. The economic analyses of the two proposed systems showed that, in the current water tariff, the payback period for AW and CBF in block systems is 7 and 52 years, respectively. However, this period will reduce to 3 and 21 years, respectively, if full water costs are paid by beneficiaries. Hence, introducing artificial wetlands in order to make greywater use efficient appears to be a viable alternative to save potable water.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Czemiel Berndtsson, Justyna, et al.
(författare)
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Are there sustainable alternatives to water-based sanitation system? Practical illustrations and policy issues.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Water Policy. - 1366-7017. ; , s. 515-530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are several reasons to reconsider present urban water and wastewater policy including limitations of a conventional sanitary system, better understanding of nature and its principles gained during last decades, and the goal of society to achieve sustainable development. In this paper principles of new designs of alternative sanitation systems are illustrated, examples of technical and non-technical aspects of the eventual change are given, and difficulties to achieve changes are discussed. The analysis shows that major barriers to a change of conventional sanitation include present law and regulations, lower priority for water and nutrients in the schemes of municipal responsibilities, investments and commitments in conventional infrastructure, and also common resource perception of water and nutrients. While the issue of designing precise system of incentives is left to economists, lawyers, and politicians the paper does deal with the obstacles to change present urban water and wastewater policies and gives possible examples of supportive measures.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Czemiel Berndtsson, Justyna
(författare)
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Experiences from the implementation of a urine separation system: Goals, planning, reality
- 2006
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Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-684X .- 0360-1323. ; 41:4, s. 427-437
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the last decade it has been ever increasing interest in developing alternative sanitary systems, which would be more sustainable than a conventional one is. In Sweden urine separation has been considered a promising approach towards increasing recycling of wastewater nutrients. Full scale trials are carried out and examined. This paper presents a study on implementation of urine separation system in urban environment. Technical and non-technical aspects of system performance are evaluated; system's interference with existing infrastructure is examined. Benefits and losses connected to urine separation system are analysed not only from environmental perspective but also system's owner point of view. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Czemiel Berndtsson, Justyna, et al.
(författare)
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First flush effect from vegetated roofs during simulated rain events
- 2008
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Ingår i: Hydrology Research. - : IWA Publishing. - 1998-9563 .- 0029-1277 .- 2224-7955. ; 39:3, s. 171-179
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedVegetated roofs are becoming increasingly popular in urban environments. Still, several aspects of their influence on various urban infrastructures are not sufficiently investigated, including the roofs' influence on runoff water quality. In this study a first flush effect in runoff water from vegetated roofs during simulated artificial rain events is investigated. Example extensive (Sweden) and intensive (Japan) vegetated roofs are studied. The first flush effect is typically occurring in urban runoff from hard surfaces and is not observed when the source of pollutants is unlimited (e.g. soil particles). Vegetated roofs would thus not be expected to exhibit a first flush effect. However, the results show that concentrations of the studied chemical compounds and elements were higher in first runoff samples than in samples taken at higher runoff depths. Analysis of the plots of normalized cumulative mass of studied runoff constituents as a function of normalized cumulative flow showed that, generally, the values are above the diagonal line with the exception of potassium (K) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This indicates that, with the exception of K and DOC, proportionally more mass is washed off in the earlier runoff than in the later, which can be interpreted as the occurrence of a first flush effect.
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| 7. |
- Czemiel Berndtsson, Justyna
(författare)
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Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality: A review
- 2010
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Ingår i: Ecological Engineering: the Journal of Ecotechnology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-6992. ; 36:4, s. 351-360
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This review paper addresses the role of green roofs in urban drainage considering both management of water quantity and quality. Results from investigation of full scale installations as well as from laboratory models are reviewed. The following factors affecting runoff dynamics from green roofs are discussed: type of green roof and its geometrical properties (slope): soil moisture characteristics: season, weather and rainfall characteristics; age of green roof; vegetation. Design parameters as suggested by different authors are also reviewed. Factors which affect influence of a green roof on runoff water quality are discussed in general terms followed by the review of data regarding concentrations of phosphorus, nitrogen, and heavy metals in green roof runoff, its' pH. and first flush effect. Linking among fertilization, runoff pollution and vegetation development is given a particular focus. The review indicates clearly that there is a need for more research into a green roof performance in an urban environment. The differences measured by few existing studies between the early years performance of green roofs and the later years indicate a need for long term monitoring of green roofs. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Czemiel Berndtsson, Justyna, et al.
(författare)
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Gröna taks påverkan på dagvattenkvalitén
- 2005
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Ingår i: Vatten: tidskrift för vattenvård /Journal of Water Management and research. - 0042-2886. ; 61:2, s. 115-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Czemiel Berndtsson, Justyna, et al.
(författare)
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LTH - en attraktiv arbetsplats för både kvinnor och män?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Ledarutvecklingsprogram för kvinnor och män vid Lunds universitet 2010-2011. - 9789163703522 ; AKKA IV, s. 115-145
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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