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- Almeida Costa, Nicole, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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A case study of user adherence and software project performance barriers from a sociotechnical viewpoint
- 2019
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Ingår i: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2194-5365 .- 2194-5357. ; 787, s. 12-23
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A marine propeller company and a technical university collaborated to optimize the company’s existing propeller design software. This paper reviews the project based on a sociotechnical perspective to organizational change on (a) how the university-company project and user involvement were organized, and (b) what the main management barriers were and why they may have occurred. Fieldwork included interviews and observations with university and company stakeholders over thirteen months. The data was analyzed and sorted into themes describing the barriers, such as lack of a planned strategy for deliverables or resource use in the project; the users exhibited low adherence towards the optimized software, as well as there was limited time and training allocated for them to test it. Lessons learned suggest clarifying stakeholder roles and contributions, and engaging the users earlier and beyond testing the software for malfunctions to enhance knowledge mobilization, involve them in the change and increase acceptance.
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- Almeida Costa, Nicole, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Perceived success factors of participatory ergonomics in ship design
- 2015
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Ingår i: Occupational Ergonomics. - : IOS Press. - 1359-9364 .- 1875-9092. ; 12:4, s. 141-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The more complex and perilous a sociotechnical system is, the more crucial it is to have users and other relevant stakeholder groups in focus throughout its design lifecycle. In the design and development of ships and ship systems, there has been resistance towards the integration of ergonomic principles through a human-centred approach as well as to involving the user. This inattention can result in an inadequate design, which may have negative repercussions on usability, ultimately threatening the safety of onboard operations, overall system performance and the well-being of the crew.OBJECTIVE: This study explores the perceived success factors of participatory ergonomics based on the standpoint of young seafarers.METHODS: Such is achieved by examining a focus group with cadets inspired by Grounded Theory approach.RESULTS: The findings reveal user participation as a designer’s essential contact with reality, provided that a set of pre-conditions that supports the success of participatory ergonomics can be fulfilled: involving the right users and filling in the gap between end-user needs and ship-owner requirements. The consequent success factors are described at a usability level, an intrinsic level for the end-users, and ultimately at the level of increased safety and efficiency.CONCLUSIONS: User input may not only affect design as an outcome, it may also influence the way participatory ergonomics is performed in the maritime sector.
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- Aylward, Katie A, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Navigators’ views of a collision avoidance decision support system for maritime navigation
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Navigation. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0373-4633 .- 1469-7785. ; 75:5, s. 1035-1048
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maritime navigation is a complex task involving the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of information using seamanship, professional knowledge, and technology. As the maritime industry transitions towards maritimeautonomous surface ships (MASS), there is an increasing gap between the operator and the technology. This paper explores a collision avoidance decision support system for navigation from the navigator’s perspective. The system, developed by Wärtsilä, is called Advanced Intelligent Manoeuvring (AIM) and can generate suggestions for course or speed alterations based on data from surrounding traffic. Nineteen Swedish navigators completed three ship traffic scenarios with and without decision support. Qualitative data were collected using interviews and analysed with thematic analysis. The results show that the participants perceive the decision support system as an advisory tool to visualise how traffic situations could unfold, a task currently difficult for most navigators. This paper discusses the present and near future of maritime navigation, highlighting the benefits of automation, whileremaining vigilant about the potential dangers.
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- Aylward, Katie A, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Using operational scenarios in a virtual reality enhanced design process
- 2021
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Ingår i: Education Sciences. - : MDPI AG. - 2227-7102. ; 11:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maritime user interfaces for ships’ bridges are highly dependent on the context in which they are used, and rich maritime context is difficult to recreate in the early stages of user-centered design processes. Operations in Arctic waters where crews are faced with extreme environmental conditions, technology limitations and a lack of accurate navigational information further increase this challenge. There is a lack of research supporting the user-centered design of workplaces for hazardous Arctic operations. To meet this challenge, this paper reports on the process of developing virtual reality-reconstructed operational scenarios to connect stakeholders, end-users, designers, and human factors specialists in a joint process. This paper explores how virtual reality-reconstructed operational scenarios can be used as a tool both for concept development and user testing. Three operational scenarios were developed, implemented in a full mission bridge simulator, recreated in virtual reality (VR), and finally tested on navigators (end-users). Qualitative data were captured throughout the design process and user-testing, resulting in a thematic analysis that identified common themes reflecting the experiences gained throughout this process. In conclusion, we argue that operational scenarios, rendered in immersive media such as VR, may be an important and reusable asset when supporting maritime design processes and in maritime training and education.
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- Brödje, Anders, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Applied Cognitive Task Analysis as a tool for analyzing work demands in a C4I environment: a case study using a mid-fidelity simulation
- 2011
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Ingår i: D. de Waard, N. Gérard, L. Onnasch, R. Wiczorek, and D. Manzey (Eds.) (2011). Human Centred Automation. - 9789042304062 ; , s. 313 - 326
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The majority of worldwide goods transportation is carried out by ships at sea. In order to promote safety in narrow waters and around major ports, several countries have installed Vessel Traffic Services (VTS). VTS operators monitor a specific geographical area and support and direct ships that sail through the area, primarily making the navigating officer of each ship aware of the current traffic situation, local weather and geographical conditions. In this, the VTS domain represents a civilian Command, Control, Communications, Computer and Intelligence (C4I) environment. Identifying user needs and analysing user behaviour in these environments require appropriate methods that are comprehensive and valid. This paper presents an adapted use of the Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) in a case study where an interactive mid-fidelity scenario for the phase of the Simulation Interview has been used. The use of the interactive simulation as a knowledge eliciting tool within the context of ACTA is discussed and assessed using Hoffman’s method evaluation criteria.
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- Brödje, Anders, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring non-technical miscommunication in vessel traffic service operation
- 2013
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Ingår i: Cognition, Technology and Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 15:3, s. 347-357
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vessel traffic services (VTS) are maritimetraffic monitoring systems used in port approaches, confinedor congested waters. VTS operators (VTSOs) monitor aspecific geographical area and support and direct ships thatsail through the area, primarily making the navigatingofficer or pilot of each ship aware of the current trafficsituation, local weather and geographical conditions. Weused an interactive mid-fidelity simulation as a knowledgeeliciting tool to explore the work situation of VTSOs.During the simulation, VTSOs from a VTS centre inSweden ran a scenario based on a normal traffic situation intheir local fairway. Results indicate that the VTSOs, eventhough they are well aware of crucial events in the fairway,at times choose not to inform navigating officers or pilotsof these safety aspects apart from when subject to protocol.The present paper put forward elements behind this form ofmiscommunication and presents results indicating that themajor contributing factor is the VTSOs’ anticipation ofnegative attitudes between working groups participating inthe VTS system and the lack of sufficient regulation withregard to the role and responsibilities of VTSOs.
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| 9. |
- Brödje, Anders, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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The Whats, Whens, Whys and Hows of VTS Operator use of Sensor Information
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of International Conference on Human Performance at Sea. - 9780947649739 ; , s. 161-172
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Situation Awareness (SA), even though under some dispute, is a concept used for describing a person’s mental picture of a dynamic environment. In the domain of Vessel Traffic Service (VTS), operators monitor maritime traffic movements within a set geographic area. When performing this task, it is crucial that VTS operators (VTSOs) have a sufficient SA and methods have been developed to measure this. Yet, being able to measure SA does not reveal how VTSOs build their SA. To understand this, we need to know what type of information VTSOs use as well as when, why and how they use the information. The present study has used Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) to demonstrate how VTSOs work with anomaly detection and pattern recognition from a holistic perspective. Primarily VTSOs use radar and VHF radio as their main sensors. The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is mainly regarded as a complement, providing information such as a vessel’s name and call sign. Dynamic information supplied through the AIS is not considered crucial for SA by the VTSOs. The purpose of this study has been to create a better understanding of how operators in this domain use available sensor information. This knowledge will serve as a basis for further studies into the Human Factors perspective of developing Intelligent Decision Support Systems with the aim of supporting the VTSO to construct a good SA.
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| 10. |
- Dahlman, Joakim, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Could sound be used as a strategy for reducing symptoms of perceived motion sickness?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-0003. ; 5:35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Working while exposed to motions, physically and psychologically affects a person. Traditionally, motion sickness symptom reduction has implied use of medication, which can lead to detrimental effects on performance. Non-pharmaceutical strategies, in turn, often require cognitive and perceptual attention. Hence, for people working in high demand environments where it is impossible to reallocate focus of attention, other strategies are called upon. The aim of the study was to investigate possible impact of a mitigation strategy on perceived motion sickness and psychophysiological responses, based on an artificial sound horizon compared with a non-positioned sound source.Method: Twenty-three healthy subjects were seated on a motion platform in an artificial sound horizon or in non-positioned sound, in random order with one week interval between the trials. Perceived motion sickness (Mal), maximum duration of exposure (ST), skin conductance, blood volume pulse, temperature, respiration rate, eye movements and heart rate were measured continuously throughout the trials.Results: Mal scores increased over time in both sound conditions, but the artificial sound horizon, applied as a mitigation strategy for perceived motion sickness, showed no significant effect on Mal scores or ST. The number of fixations increased with time in the non-positioned sound condition. Moreover, fixation time was longer in the nonpositioned sound condition compared with sound horizon, indicating that the subjects used more time to fixate and, hence, assumingly made fewer saccades.Conclusion: A subliminally presented artificial sound horizon did not significantly affect perceived motion sickness, psychophysiological variables or the time the subjects endured the motion sickness triggering stimuli. The number of fixations and fixation times increased over time in the non-positioned sound condition.
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