| 1. |
- Taillard, Jacques, et al.
(author)
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Effectiveness of blue light
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- At night, driving ability is impaired by sleepiness induced by sleep deprivation. To meet societal demand, it is necessary to develop countermeasures to fight this drowsiness. Currently, caffeine and naps are effective countermeasures but they have some limitations (differences between individuals in terms of efficiency, limited efficiency duration, side effects). The development and evaluation of new and easily usable countermeasures is wished for the prevention of accidents related to sleepiness. A light wavelength of 480 nm (light blue) improves performance and increases the night time arousal. This countermeasure will be tested under real driving conditions. Since there are differences between individuals in the driving ability degradation induced by sleep deprivation and in the countermeasures efficiency duration, this study will also attempt to determine whether some gene polymorphisms (e.g. PER3, COMT, ADORA2A and ADA polymorphism) or some hormone concentrations (e.g. cortisol and amylase concentrations) involved in regulating the sleep / wake cycle can explain the differences between individuals. Basal cognitive performance of subjects could also explain these inter individual differences. Age is an important factor to consider because half of fatal and nonfatal accidents involving young people occur at night and nocturnal performance were considerably more impaired in young than in older subjects.
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| 2. |
- Davenne, Damien, et al.
(author)
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Effectiveness of exercise
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Higher risk of accident is related to nocturnal activity when circadian clocks and sleep pressure increase sleepiness and decrease neurobehavioral performances. Performances assessed by simple reaction times remain stable for about 16 hr of wakefulness, and decrease thereafter to reach a dramatic impairment about 2-4 hr after the peak of melatonin. At that time the drowsiness that occurs has been identified as the reason behind fatal many individual and industrial accidents. Nocturnal neurobehavioral performance varies as a function of age. They are also widely dependant of individuals and only certain subjects seem significantly affected by sleep loss.Studies have demonstrated the efficiency of some countermeasures such as sleeping (or napping) and the use of alertness-increasing agents (i.e. caffeine) on driving. If alertness is improved immediately following exercise, during the day, this potential countermeasure has never been study during the night. Furthermore, Matsumoto et al. suggested that exercise during an extended period of wakefulness results in an increased risk in human error. The effect of physical exercise on cognitive and motor performance depends both on the intensity and the duration of the exercise. It is a physical exercise of moderate intensity and duration which appears to ameliorate brain function. Consequently, moderate physical exercise may minimize the declines of driving performances due to sleep deprivation. Furthermore, these effects may be dependent of the age of the participants.
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| 3. |
- Hof, Tineke, et al.
(author)
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Multilevel Intervention Mapping with sleepiness in focus
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Driver fatigue is an important risk factor in traffic safety and an issue for both private and professional drivers. This report provides an analysis of risk factors related to fatigue-related road accidents, and describes intervention goals at multiple levels in order to reduce sleepy driving among drivers. Private drivers who are on their way to or from their holiday were assigned as the specific target group.
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