| 2. |
- Alallaq, Sanaria, 1976-
(författare)
-
Characterization of adventitious root formation in Populus species and Norway spruce
- 2021
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Adventitious root (AR) formation is a form of post-embryonic development and is a key adaptive trait in plants. De novo adventitious root regeneration represents an elegant evolutionary innovation that allows many plant species to multiply through vegetative propagation; it is widely used in forestry and horticulture to multiply elite genotypes. However, several tree species with high economic and ecological value are difficult to root, and the genetic and molecular bases underlying AR regeneration remain largely elusive. Recently our laboratory showed that jasmonate (JA) and cytokinins (CK) act cooperatively to repress AR initiation (ARI) in Arabidopsishypocotyls, while auxin positively controls ARI by repressing this negative effect. With the recent availability of the reference genomes of Populus spp. and Norway spruce (Picea abies), the aim of this thesis is to explore the molecular and mechanistic foundations of AR formation in woody species and check whether or not there is conservation of the molecular mechanisms identified in Arabidopsis. First, physiological, molecular and hormonic approaches coupled with extensive anatomical analysis were combined to explore the role of light spectral quality in the control of ARI in P. abies de-rooted seedlings. We showed that constant red light (cRL) promotes ARI by reducing the content of the wound-induced phytohormones JA and JA-isoleucine and repressing the accumulation of the isopentyl-adenine-type cytokinins. These results suggest that the cooperative role of JA and CK signaling in the repression of ARI is evolutionarily conserved.Next we compared transcriptomic data from the cambium tissue of woody stem cuttings of the hybrid aspen T89, which is difficult-to-root, and from the hybrid poplar OP42, which is easy-to-root, under hydroponic conditions. The analyses revealed high transcriptional activity in OP42, with twice as many transcription factors differentially expressed in OP42 24 hours after cutting compared to T89. Although we did not observe significant differences in the expression of Auxin response factor (ARF) genes between the two genotypes, the production of transgenic plants downregulating or over-expressing ARF6, 8 or 17 confirmed that PtARF6 and PtARF8 positively and PtARF17 negatively regulate AR development in transgenic hybrid aspen T89. Interestingly, the expression of MYC2 orthologs as well as the expression of several genes involved in JA signaling increased more in T89 than in OP42, suggesting that JA could be a negative regulator of ARI in Populus spp. We also showed that overexpressing PtMYC2 led to a reduced number of ARs in hybrid aspen T89 cuttings. In addition, many genes encoding ROS scavenging proteins such as peroxidases or GSTs were significantly differentially expressed in OP42 24 h after cutting but not in T89, which is interesting since peroxidase activity has often been positively correlated with ARI. In parallel to this research, we characterized the rooting phenotype of clones from the Swedish Aspen (SwAsp) collection usingin vitro cuttings. We observed a significant variation in the rooting ability as well as different root system establishment between the clones. We analyzed the expression of some genes known to be involved in AR development in selected clones with contrasting AR phenotypes but could not identify any correlation between gene expression and rooting phenotype. A transcriptomic analysis of selected clones, with contrasting AR phenotypes, could be a useful tool in the identification of marker genes, which can be used for future selection of the best rooting clones of Populus or other economically important trees in breeding programs.
|
|
| 3. |
- Mackay, John, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards decoding the conifer giga-genome
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Plant Molecular Biology. - : Springer. - 0167-4412 .- 1573-5028. ; 80:6, s. 555-569
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several new initiatives have been launched recently to sequence conifer genomes including pines, spruces and Douglas-fir. Owing to the very large genome sizes ranging from 18 to 35 gigabases, sequencing even a single conifer genome had been considered unattainable until the recent throughput increases and cost reductions afforded by next generation sequencers. The purpose of this review is to describe the context for these new initiatives. A knowledge foundation has been acquired in several conifers of commercial and ecological interest through large-scale cDNA analyses, construction of genetic maps and gene mapping studies aiming to link phenotype and genotype. Exploratory sequencing in pines and spruces have pointed out some of the unique properties of these giga-genomes and suggested strategies that may be needed to extract value from their sequencing. The hope is that recent and pending developments in sequencing technology will contribute to rapidly filling the knowledge vacuum surrounding their structure, contents and evolution. Researchers are also making plans to use comparative analyses that will help to turn the data into a valuable resource for enhancing and protecting the world's conifer forests.
|
|
