| 1. |
- Doak, Bradley C., et al.
(författare)
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Cyclophilin Succumbs to a Macrocyclic Chameleon
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 61:21, s. 9469-9472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Targets that have large and groove-shaped binding sites, such as cyclophilin, are difficult to drug with small molecules. Macrocycles of natural product origin can be ideal starting points for such targets as illustrated by the transformation of sanglifehrin A into an orally bioavailable potential candidate drug. Optimization benefits from development of convergent, modular synthetic routes in combination with structure and property based methods for lead optimization.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Doak, Bradley C, et al.
(författare)
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How Beyond Rule of 5 Drugs and Clinical Candidates Bind to Their Targets.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 59:6, s. 2312-2327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To improve discovery of drugs for difficult targets, the opportunities of chemical space beyond the rule of 5 (bRo5) were examined by retrospective analysis of a comprehensive set of structures for complexes between drugs and clinical candidates and their targets. The analysis illustrates the potential of compounds far beyond rule of 5 space to modulate novel and difficult target classes that have large, flat, and groove-shaped binding sites. However, ligand efficiencies are significantly reduced for flat- and groove-shape binding sites, suggesting that adjustments of how to use such metrics are required. Ligands bRo5 appear to benefit from an appropriate balance between rigidity and flexibility to bind with sufficient affinity to their targets, with macrocycles and nonmacrocycles being found to have similar flexibility. However, macrocycles were more disk- and spherelike, which may contribute to their superior binding to flat sites, while rigidification of nonmacrocycles lead to rodlike ligands that bind well to groove-shaped binding sites. These insights should contribute to altering perceptions of what targets are considered "druggable" and provide support for drug design in beyond rule of 5 space.
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| 4. |
- Doak, Bradley Croy, et al.
(författare)
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Oral Druggable Space beyond the Rule of 5 : Insights from Drugs and Clinical Candidates
- 2014
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Ingår i: Chemistry and Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1074-5521 .- 1879-1301. ; 21:9, s. 1115-1142
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rule of 5 (Ro5) is a set of in silico guidelines applied to drug discovery to prioritize compounds with an increased likelihood of high oral absorption. It has been influential in reducing attrition due to poor pharmacokinetics over the last 15 years. However, strict reliance on the Ro5 may have resulted in lost opportunities, particularly for difficult targets. To identify opportunities for oral drug discovery beyond the Ro5 (bRo5), we have comprehensively analyzed drugs and clinical candidates with molecular weight (MW) > 500 Da. We conclude that oral drugs are found far bRo5 and properties such as intramolecular hydrogen bonding, macrocyclization, dosage, and formulations can be used to improve bRo5 bioavailability. Natural products and structure-based design, often from peptidic leads, are key sources for oral bRo5 drugs. These insights should help guide the design of oral drugs in bRo5 space, which is of particular interest for difficult targets.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Matsson, Pär, et al.
(författare)
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Cell permeability beyond the rule of 5
- 2016
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Ingår i: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-409X .- 1872-8294. ; 101, s. 42-61
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drug discovery for difficult targets that have large and flat binding sites is often better suited to compounds beyond the "rule of 5" (bRo5). However, such compounds carry higher pharmacokinetic risks, such as low solubility and permeability, and increased efflux and metabolism. Interestingly, recent drug approvals and studies suggest that cell permeable and orally bioavailable drugs can be discovered far into bRo5 space. Tactics such as reduction or shielding of polarity by N-methylation, bulky side chains and intramolecular hydrogen bonds may be used to increase cell permeability in this space, but often results in decreased solubility. Conformationally flexible compounds can, however, combine high permeability and solubility, properties that are keys for cell permeability and intestinal absorption. Recent developments in computational conformational analysis will aid design of such compounds and hence prediction of cell permeability. Transporter mediated efflux occurs for most investigated drugs in bRo5 space, however it is commonly overcome by high local intestinal concentrations on oral administration. In contrast, there is little data to support significant impact of transporter-mediated intestinal absorption in bRo5 space. Current knowledge of compound properties that govern transporter effects of bRo5 drugs is limited and requires further fundamental and comprehensive studies.
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| 7. |
- Over, Bjorn, et al.
(författare)
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Structural and conformational determinants of macrocycle cell permeability
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nature Chemical Biology. - New York : Nature Publishing Group. - 1552-4450 .- 1552-4469. ; 12:12, s. 1065-1074
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Macrocycles are of increasing interest as chemical probes and drugs for intractable targets like protein-protein interactions, but the determinants of their cell permeability and oral absorption are poorly understood. To enable rational design of cell-permeable macrocycles, we generated an extensive data set under consistent experimental conditions for more than 200 nonpeptidic, de novo-designed macrocycles from the Broad Institute's diversity-oriented screening collection. This revealed how specific functional groups, substituents and molecular properties impact cell permeability. Analysis of energy-minimized structures for stereo- and regioisomeric sets provided fundamental insight into how dynamic, intramolecular interactions in the 3D conformations of macrocycles may be linked to physicochemical properties and permeability. Combined use of quantitative structure-permeability modeling and the procedure for conformational analysis now, for the first time, provides chemists with a rational approach to design cell-permeable non-peptidic macrocycles with potential for oral absorption.
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| 8. |
- Poongavanam, Vasanthanathan, et al.
(författare)
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Opportunities and guidelines for discovery of orally absorbed drugs in beyond rule of 5 space
- 2018
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1367-5931. ; 44, s. 23-29
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the number of drugs approved in chemical space outside of Lipinski’s rule of 5, that is in what has been termed beyond rule of 5 (bRo5) space. The development of three major classes of oral drugs that treat HIV and HCV infections and the growing evidence that novel, difficult targets can be accessed has prompted research into understanding design of drugs displaying cell permeability, solubility and ultimately oral bioavailability in bRo5 space. Studies have found a consistent outer property limit for a reasonable chance of de novo designing oral bioavailability. In addition, several property-based guidelines, along with incorporation of chameleonic features, have emerged as strategies to aid design in bRo5 space. A more detailed understanding of the complex and environment dependent conformational landscape will likely be the focus of the next generation of guidelines allowing property predictions of ever more complex compounds. By pushing the boundaries of current orally designable chemical space we hope that discoveries will be made for fundamental science and also for discovery of novel therapeutics.
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| 9. |
- Sebastiano, Matteo Rossi, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Dynamically Exposed Polarity on Permeability and Solubility of Chameleonic Drugs Beyond the Rule of 5
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 61:9, s. 4189-4202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conformational flexibility has been proposed to significantly affect drug properties outside rule-of-5 (Ro5) chemical space. Here, we investigated the influence of dynamically exposed polarity on cell permeability and aqueous solubility for a structurally diverse set of drugs and clinical candidates far beyond the Ro5, all of which populated multiple distinct conformations as revealed by X-ray crystallography. Efflux-inhibited (passive) Caco-2 cell permeability correlated strongly with the compounds’ minimum solvent-accessible 3D polar surface areas (PSA), whereas aqueous solubility depended less on the specific 3D conformation. Inspection of the crystal structures highlighted flexibly linked aromatic side chains and dynamically forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds as particularly effective in providing “chameleonic” properties that allow compounds to display both high cell permeability and aqueous solubility. These structural features, in combination with permeability predictions based on the correlation to solvent-accessible 3D PSA, should inspire drug design in the challenging chemical space far beyond the Ro5.
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| 10. |
- Tyagi, Mohit, et al.
(författare)
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Drug Syntheses Beyond the Rule of 5
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chemistry - A European Journal. - : Wiley. - 0947-6539 .- 1521-3765. ; 26:1, s. 49-88
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drugs in the chemical space beyond the rule of 5 (bRo5) can modulate targets with difficult binding sites while retaining cell permeability and oral absorption. Reviewing the syntheses of bRo5 drugs approved since 1990 highlights synthetic chemistry's contribution to drug discovery in this space. Initially, bRo5 drugs were mainly natural products and semi-synthetic derivatives. Later, peptidomimetics and de novo designed compounds, that include up to seven chiral centres and macrocyclic rings became dominant. These drugs are prepared by total synthesis, sometimes by routes of more than 25 steps with stereocentres originating from the chiral pool, or being installed by chiral induction or enzymatic resolution. Interestingly, ring-closing metathesis proved to be the method of choice for macrocyclisation in hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors. We conclude that structural simplification, planning of synthetic routes regarding incorporation of stereocentres and macrocyclisation, as well as incorporation of structural knowledge and consideration of chameleonic properties in design, should facilitate drug discovery in bRo5 space.
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