| 1. |
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- 2017
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Ingår i: Physical Review D. - 2470-0010 .- 2470-0029. ; 96:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Scolnic, D., et al.
(författare)
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How Many Kilonovae Can Be Found in Past, Present, and Future Survey Data Sets?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - : American Astronomical Society. - 2041-8205 .- 2041-8213. ; 852:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The discovery of a kilonova (KN) associated with the Advanced LIGO (aLIGO)/Virgo event GW170817 opens up new avenues of multi-messenger astrophysics. Here, using realistic simulations, we provide estimates of the number of KNe that could be found in data from past, present, and future surveys without a gravitational-wave trigger. For the simulation, we construct a spectral time-series model based on the DES-GW multi-band light curve from the single known KN event, and we use an average of BNS rates from past studies of 103Gpc(-3) yr(-1), consistent with the one event found so far. Examining past and current data sets from transient surveys, the number of KNe we expect to find for ASAS-SN, SDSS, PS1, SNLS, DES, and SMT is between 0 and 0.3. We predict the number of detections per future survey to be 8.3 from ATLAS, 10.6 from ZTF, 5.5/69 from LSST (the Deep Drilling/Wide Fast Deep), and 16.0 from WFIRST. The maximum redshift of KNe discovered for each survey is z = 0.8 for WFIRST, z = 0.25 for LSST, and z = 0.04 for ZTF and ATLAS. This maximum redshift for WFIRST is well beyond the sensitivity of aLIGO and some future GW missions. For the LSST survey, we also provide contamination estimates from Type Ia and core-collapse supernovae: after light curve and template-matching requirements, we estimate a background of just two events. More broadly, we stress that future transient surveys should consider how to optimize their search strategies to improve their detection efficiency and to consider similar analyses for GW follow-up programs.
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| 3. |
- Belczynski, K., et al.
(författare)
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Evolutionary roads leading to low effective spins, high black hole masses, and O1/O2 rates for LIGO/Virgo binary black holes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 636:A&A
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- All ten LIGO/Virgo binary black hole (BH-BH) coalescences reported following the O1/O2 runs have near-zero effective spins. There are only three potential explanations for this. If the BH spin magnitudes are large, then: (i) either both BH spin vectors must be nearly in the orbital plane or (ii) the spin angular momenta of the BHs must be oppositely directed and similar in magnitude. Then there is also the possibility that (iii) the BH spin magnitudes are small. We consider the third hypothesis within the framework of the classical isolated binary evolution scenario of the BH-BH merger formation. We test three models of angular momentum transport in massive stars: A mildly efficient transport by meridional currents (as employed in the Geneva code), an efficient transport by the Tayler-Spruit magnetic dynamo (as implemented in the MESA code), and a very-efficient transport (as proposed by Fuller et al.) to calculate natal BH spins. We allow for binary evolution to increase the BH spins through accretion and account for the potential spin-up of stars through tidal interactions. Additionally, we update the calculations of the stellar-origin BH masses, including revisions to the history of star formation and to the chemical evolution across cosmic time. We find that we can simultaneously match the observed BH-BH merger rate density and BH masses and BH-BH effective spins. Models with efficient angular momentum transport are favored. The updated stellar-mass weighted gas-phase metallicity evolution now used in our models appears to be key for obtaining an improved reproduction of the LIGO/Virgo merger rate estimate. Mass losses during the pair-instability pulsation supernova phase are likely to be overestimated if the merger GW170729 hosts a BH more massive than 50âMâŠ. We also estimate rates of black hole-neutron star (BH-NS) mergers from recent LIGO/Virgo observations. If, in fact. angular momentum transport in massive stars is efficient, then any (electromagnetic or gravitational wave) observation of a rapidly spinning BH would indicate either a very effective tidal spin up of the progenitor star (homogeneous evolution, high-mass X-ray binary formation through case A mass transfer, or a spin-up of a Wolf-Rayet star in a close binary by a close companion), significant mass accretion by the hole, or a BH formation through the merger of two or more BHs (in a dense stellar cluster).
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Mathurin, Frédéric A.
(författare)
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Origin and mobility of major and key trace elements (Cs, YREEs) in fracture groundwater in the upper 1.2 kilometres of coastal granitoids : Implications for future repositories of spent nuclear fuel
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis focuses on the chemical and isotopic features of groundwater residing in the upper 1.2 km of sparsely fractured crystalline bedrock of the Baltic Shield. The work is based on previous understanding of the groundwater origin and its evolution in the fractured bedrock of the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (underground tunnel and facilities) and in two candidate coastal areas (Laxemar and Forsmark) investigated by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB) for future construction of a nuclear waste repository. In order to assess the origin and the apparent mobility of major elements and key trace elements (Cs and YREEs) in this difficult-to-reach deep environment, new (and previously published) data of SKBs hydrogeochemical monitoring programme was iteratively characterised and integrated in phenomenological models. The overall aim was to improve the integration between groundwater mixing and in situ water-rock interaction processes in deep coastal crystalline bedrock under natural and/or disturbed (i.e., dynamic) flow conditions induced by the presence of a tunnel system.The multiple origins (glacial, marine, meteoric and allochthonous) of the fracture groundwater resulted in a large range of concentrations for dissolved major and trace elements in the studied bedrock. Dependent on the current flow conditions, the apparent mobility of dissolved elements was generally challenging to identify in the deep fractured bedrock under natural flow conditions. There, the relatively long residence time of most of the various groundwater types prevented to clearly differentiate the (apparent) fast retention processes from slow but active processes on a long-term perspective. Both processes alter the primary hydrochemical composition mainly imposed by the mixing between the dominant sources of groundwater. Nevertheless, in the particular case of YREEs, their generally low natural concentrations and predominant binding to organic colloids in most palaeo- (and modern meteoric) groundwaters (independently of the flow conditions) indicated strong active sorption onto minerals and physical filtration of organic colloids in the fractures. Together, these properties tend to minimise the mobility of dissolved YREEs and to stabilise their concentrations and fractionation patterns during the long residence time of the groundwaters.At the Äspö HRL, an analogue (in a broad sense) of future repositories for high-level and long-lived radioactive wastes, changes in groundwater origin and salinity took place rapidly in subvertical fracture zones and progressively within the sparsely fractured deep rock domains. The changes resulted either from partial-to-substantial replacement of palaeo-groundwater by modern surface/shallow ground-water or induced dynamic up-flow of deep-lying saline groundwater. The hydrogeochemical instability near the underground facility during excavation to operational phase helped to assess qualitatively – and in some case differentiate quantitatively – the combined role of mixing, short-term and long-term reactions on the chemical composition of groundwater and the mobility of major elements and Cs within fracture zones and the sparsely fractured rock domains.Collectively, the findings of the individual studies showed that the composition of intruded past or modern marine groundwater was likely to affect the natural retention properties/reactivity of the bedrock towards dissolved species at repository depth. For instance, the intrusion of modern seawater induced a desorption process of some dissolved species originally present on the exchange sites of the clayish fault gouge material in the fractures. This contributed to an apparent increase of the abundance level of dissolved cations naturally occurring in relatively moderate (i.e., K and Mg) and trace (i.e., Cs) concentrations in the fracture groundwaters.The general understanding of the current hydrogeochemical conditions in deep crystalline bedrock is crucial when predicting future changes in groundwater chemistry (i.e., climatic cycles), which in turn might be of relevance to the long-term integrity of the KBS-3 repository method developed for isolating the nuclear waste from the surficial environment and biosphere.
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| 6. |
- Abrantes, João A.
(författare)
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Pharmacometric Approaches to Improve Dose Individualization Methods in Hemophilia A
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hemophilia A is a bleeding disorder caused by the lack of functional coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). The overall aim of this thesis was to improve dose individualization of FVIII replacement therapy in hemophilia A using pharmacometric approaches.A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of FVIII activity following the administration of moroctocog alfa was developed based on data from a large heterogeneous cohort of moderate to severe hemophilia A patients. Body weight, age, neutralizing anti-FVIII inhibitors, race, and analytical assay were found to be significant predictors of FVIII activity PK. In addition, large inter-individual variability (IIV) and inter-occasion variability (IOV) was identified highlighting the need for dose individualization.High magnitudes of IOV are known to impair model-based therapeutic drug monitoring. Using a population PK model of FVIII activity, several approaches to handle IOV in Bayesian forecasting of individual PK parameters were assessed across a wide range of features. Considering IOV in Bayesian forecasting, but ignoring IOV in dose calculation, led to the most precise individualized doses, in particular, when sparse data was used.The dose-exposure-response relationship of FVIII replacement therapy remains unclear. A parametric repeated time-to-categorical event (RTTCE) model was developed to characterize the relationship between the dose of octocog alfa, plasma FVIII activity, bleeding frequency and severity, and covariates, using data from clinical trials. The bleeding hazard was found to decrease throughout time and to be affected by plasma FVIII activity and number of previous bleeds. Unexplained IIV in the bleeding hazard was found to be large.Bayesian forecasting based on the RTTCE model was used to predict the future occurrence of bleeds, and to contrast the predicted outcome using individual i) PK, ii) bleeding, and iii) PK, bleeding and covariate information, from data collected in clinical trials. The results support that individual bleed information can inform the optimization of prophylactic dosing regimens in severe hemophilia A patients.In summary, the pharmacometric approaches presented provide a valuable quantitative framework to improve dose individualization in hemophilia A. Furthermore, enhanced dosing has the potential to reduce bleeding frequency and to lower the high costs associated to treatment.
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| 7. |
- Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, 1979-
(författare)
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Species Limits, and Evolutionary History of Glassfrogs
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Recognizing the mechanisms of speciation and the limits of species is essential to understand the origin of biodiversity and how to conserve it. The general aims of my investigations during my doctoral studies were two-fold: to study evolutionary patterns and processes, and to provide specific and superspecific taxonomic classifications that try to reflect evolutionary history. I have focused my research on anurans in their biodiversity hotspot, the American Tropics. I have used morphological, behavioral (mating calls), and genetic (DNA sequences) characters to study species boundaries between frogs of the genus Pristimantis and the family Centrolenidae (glassfrogs). The results show that the exclusive use of single lines of evidence or the application of arbitrary thresholds impair and bias our ability to recognize new species and limit the possibility to understand evolutionary processes. Only an integrative approach combining every source of evidence provides the necessary feedback to discover all species and test their identity by comparing independent sets of data. This approach further allows identifying those species that probably represent stable comparative units (well supported species hypotheses) and to flag taxa that require further assessment. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes for about 100 species of glassfrogs revealed that previous hypotheses of relationships were mislead by rampant convergent evolution at the phenotypic level. None of the previously suggested classifications fit with the reconstructed evolutionary history. Consequently, we proposed a new classification consistent with this phylogeny. I also studied the tempo and mode of diversification among glassfrogs. Based on sequences from ten genes in 87 species, I estimated species divergence times, age-range correlation between sister species, and reconstructed ancestral areas and dispersal/vicariance events. The results revealed a complex model of diversification where geographical isolation seems to be the dominant scenario for speciation and only clades of altitudinal generalists have been able to spread across the Neotropical rainforests.
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| 8. |
- Cort, Rebecca, 1988-
(författare)
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Getting Work Done : The Significance of the Human in Complex Socio-Technical Systems
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis aims to deepen the understanding of the role and relevance of the worker in the functioning of complex socio-technical systems. The perspective adopted is profoundly human-centred and the worker is considered as a resource. This stands in stark contrast to the performance-related measurements and accident investigations which have typically formed much research on work in complex safety-critical systems and conveyed a perspective of the human as merely a system cog. The empirical material in this thesis is based on ethnographic fieldwork in the shape of workplace studies conducted across two distinct work domains: manufacturing and operational train traffic. The studies are informed by distributed cognition (DCog) and activity theory (AT) as prominent theoretical approaches for developing in-depth understandings of how work activities are accomplished in situations where the interplay between humans and their socio-cultural and material environment is of interest. The findings are illustrated by empirical work that provides detailed accounts of work practices derived from a total of four work settings. It is illustrated how acquired experiences and skills allow the workers to simultaneously use and create resources in the socio-material environment. The findings also reveal novel characteristics of adaptations as driven by a human agency rather than being a result of external demands, which is the common view in literature on work in safety-critical domains. Based on the findings, the role of the worker is illustrated as a meaning-making actor – not only participating in, but also actively contributing to the system and its functioning. In that capacity, the worker is acting as a driving force for a process of continuous development, allowing the system to continue to function although frequently exposed to uncertainties and unexpected events. This thesis contributes to a deepened understanding of the role of human workers in socio-technical systems, highlighting how workers are an invaluable asset when it comes to managing large variations and unexpected events in technology-mediated complex work. This contribution is complementary to the current understanding of how to uphold system safety and provides insight into what underlies a mutually beneficial relationship between humans and technology to which both parties can contribute with what they do best.
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| 9. |
- Donoso, George A.
(författare)
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Seismic imaging of volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits : From legacy to innovative surveys
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits at the Neves-Corvo mine area, part of the Iberian Pyrite Belt in southern Portugal, were studied using seismic methods. Three distinct reflection seismic datasets were used in this study: a 2D legacy data from 1996, an innovative 2019 surface and in-mine acquisition, and a 2011 3D seismic survey. The seismic data were processed with the main objective of improving the seismic signature of the volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits in the area by the use of modern and innovative seismic methods.The legacy dataset, acquired in 1996, was reprocess using today’s processing software. The Lombador massive sulphide was better imaged and a number of never-before-seen shallow but steeply dipping reflections were detected. In the 2019 seismic survey, 2D seismic profiles were acquired on the surface above the Lombador deposit, and four seismic profiles were deployed inside mine exploration tunnels at 650 m depth. Arguably, the first time a seismic acquisition survey of this size has been carried-out inside an active underground mine. The processing of the surface profiles was complemented by additional methods that indicate how the out-of-plane contribution of the Lombador deposit may not be detectable when employing 2D data only, showing the imaging potential of a small-scale survey implemented with innovative acquisition technologies. The 3D seismic data processing showed sensitivity to parameter selection for imaging. Processing results using pre-stack dip move-out and post-stack migration methods show moderate to steeply dipping reflections. Which can be correlated with known lithological contacts, some are interpreted to be originated from the Semblana and Lombador deposits. Despite the mixed signal-to-noise ratio the seismic volume reveals improved 3D seismic images of both shallow and deep structures, allowing to account for the deposit’s lateral extension beyond the capabilities of 2D seismic imaging alone. It was possible to distinguish strong diffraction patterns, interpreted as originating from faults and edges of the Lombador deposit, illustrating the usefulness of diffraction patterns for better interpretation of geological features in hard-rock environments. All of the aforesaid allows to conclude that an exploration programme solely based on 2D seismic data would have showed false-positive results in depth. This encourages the employment of 3D seismic methods, instead of 2D, in mineral exploration for accurate detection and targeting of VMS deposits.
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| 10. |
- Fatemi, Shahab, et al.
(författare)
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Ion Dynamics at the Magnetopause of Ganymede
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 127:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the dynamics of the thermal O+ and H+ ions at Ganymede's magnetopause when Ganymede is inside and outside of the Jovian plasma sheet using a three-dimensional hybrid model of plasma (kinetic ions, fluid electrons). We present the global structure of the electric fields and power density (E ⋅ J) in the magnetosphere of Ganymede and show that the power density at the magnetopause is mainly positive and on average is +0.95 and +0.75 nW/m3 when Ganymede is inside and outside the Jovian plasma sheet, respectively, but locally it reaches over +20 nW/m3. Our kinetic simulations show that ion velocity distributions at the vicinity of the upstream magnetopause of Ganymede are highly non-Maxwellian. We investigate the energization of the ions interacting with the magnetopause and find that the energy of those particles on average increases by a factor of 8 and 30 for the O+ and H+ ions, respectively. The energy of these ions is mostly within 1–100 keV for both species after interaction with the magnetopause, but a few percentages reach to 0.1–1 MeV. Our kinetic simulations show that a small fraction ((Formula presented.) 25%) of the corotating Jovian plasma reach the magnetopause, but among those >50% cross the high-power density regions at the magnetopause and gain energy. Finally, we compare our simulation results with Galileo observations of Ganymede's magnetopause crossings (i.e., G8 and G28 flybys). There is an excellent agreement between our simulations and observations, particularly our simulations fully capture the size and structure of the magnetosphere.
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