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- Beral, Valerie, et al.
(författare)
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Breast cancer and abortion: collaborative reanalysis of data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 83?000 women with breast cancer from 16 countries
- 2004
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X. ; 363:9414, s. 1007-1016
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer has brought together the worldwide epidemiological evidence on the possible relation between breast cancer and previous spontaneous and induced abortions. METHODS: Data on individual women from 53 studies undertaken in 16 countries with liberal abortion laws were checked and analysed centrally. Relative risks of breast cancer--comparing the effects of having had a pregnancy that ended as an abortion with those of never having had that pregnancy--were calculated, stratified by study, age at diagnosis, parity, and age at first birth. Because the extent of under-reporting of past induced abortions might be influenced by whether or not women had been diagnosed with breast cancer, results of the studies--including a total of 44000 women with breast cancer--that used prospective information on abortion (ie, information that had been recorded before the diagnosis of breast cancer) were considered separately from results of the studies--including 39000 women with the disease--that used retrospective information (recorded after the diagnosis of breast cancer). FINDINGS: The overall relative risk of breast cancer, comparing women with a prospective record of having had one or more pregnancies that ended as a spontaneous abortion versus women with no such record, was 0.98 (95% CI 0.92-1.04, p=0.5). The corresponding relative risk for induced abortion was 0.93 (0.89-0.96, p=0.0002). Among women with a prospective record of having had a spontaneous or an induced abortion, the risk of breast cancer did not differ significantly according to the number or timing of either type of abortion. Published results on induced abortion from the few studies with prospectively recorded information that were not available for inclusion here are consistent with these findings. Overall results for induced abortion differed substantially between studies with prospective and those with retrospective information on abortion (test for heterogeneity between relative risks: chi2(1) =33.1, p<0.0001). INTERPRETATION: Pregnancies that end as a spontaneous or induced abortion do not increase a woman's risk of developing breast cancer. Collectively, the studies of breast cancer with retrospective recording of induced abortion yielded misleading results, possibly because women who had developed breast cancer were, on average, more likely than other women to disclose previous induced abortions.
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| 2. |
- D’Amico, Valeria, et al.
(författare)
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EU FP7 INFSO-ICT-247223 ARTIST4G, D1.1 Definitions and architecture requirements for supporting interference avoidance techniques
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is the main objective of the ARTIST4G Work Package 1 (WP1), to design innovative interference avoidance solutions by means of transmitter signal processing, scheduling and/or cross layer techniques. Such an approach will enable to identify optimal strategies also taking into account the practical implications on the real system. The major impacts of the WP1 innovations on the radio access network and on the mobile system interfaces, together with constraints due to practical implementations, will be analyzed in this deliverable. This deliverable will be a reference for the work in ARTIST4G Work Package 4 (WP4).A set of guiding questions used to precise the requirements for WP4 has been considered for each new cooperation/coordination functionality. Answers to these questions are provided in this deliverable by grouping the different classes of WP1 innovations into 4 categories with similar requirements on the radio access architecture. For each question, current, expected, minimum and maximum targets of the requirement will be given, helping to ensure that the range of all possible values for all the innovations are taken into account.
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