| 1. |
- Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth, 1988-
(författare)
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An experimental approach to exploring market responses in small scale fishing communities
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Small-scale fishing communities are increasingly connected to international seafood trade and one way is through exports to a growing global market. Understanding how this connectedness impacts local fishery systems, both socially and ecologically, has become a necessary challenge for fisheries governance. Market prices are a potential mechanism by which global market demands are transferred to small-scale fishery actors, and in most small-scale fisheries this happens through various traders (intermediaries, middlemen/women or patrons). By financing fishing operations, buying and selling products and transferring market information, traders can actively pass international market signals, such as price, to fishers. How these signals influence fishers' decisions and consequent fishing effort is still poorly understood yet significant for future social-ecological sustainability. The paper uses an economic framed field experiment in combination with interviews to shed light on this, in the context of the Philippine patron-client arrangement known as the 'suki system'. Over 250 fishers in Concepcion, Iloilo were in an economic experiment asked to make decisions about fuel loans based on fluctuating market prices. Interviews with participants and their patrons were held to gather information on relevant contextual variables that also could influence financing behaviour such as fisher characteristics and socio-economic conditions. Contrary to our hypotheses, fishers showed no response in their borrowing behaviour to experimental price changes. Instead gender and previous choices in the experiment were predictive of their choice of loans in the experiment and we explore possible reasons for this.
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| 2. |
- Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth, et al.
(författare)
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An Experimental Approach to Exploring Market Responses in Small-Scale Fishing Communities
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Marine Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-7745. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small-scale fishing communities are increasingly connected to international seafood trade via exports in a growing global market. Understanding how this connectedness impacts local fishery systems, both socially and ecologically, has become a necessary challenge for fishery governance. Market prices are a potential mechanism by which global market demands are transferred to small-scale fishery actors. In most small-scale fisheries (SSF) this happens through various traders (intermediaries, middlemen/women, or patrons). By financing fishing operations, buying and selling products and transferring market information, traders can actively pass international market signals, such as price, to fishers. How these signals influence fishers' decisions and the consequent fishing efforts, is still poorly understood yet significant for future social-ecological sustainability. This paper uses an economic framed field experiment, in combination with interviews, to shed light on this. It does so in the context of the Philippine patron-client suki arrangement. Over 250 fishers in Concepcion, Iloilo were asked in an economic experiment, to make decisions about fuel loans in light of changing market prices. Interviews with participants and their patrons gathered additional information on relevant contextual variables potentially influencing borrowing. They included fisher characteristics and socio-economic conditions. Contrary to our hypotheses, fishers showed no response in their borrowing behavior to experimental price changes. Instead, gender and the previous experiment round were predictive of their choice of loans in the experiment. We explore possible reasons for this and discuss potential implications for social-ecological sustainability and fishery governance.
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| 3. |
- Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Assistance networks in seafood trade - A means to assess benefit distribution in small-scale fisheries
- 2017
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 78, s. 196-205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article addresses the connections between value chain actors in the tropical-marine small-scale fisheries of Zanzibar, Tanzania, to contribute to a better understanding of the fisher-trader link and how connections in general might feed into livelihood security. A sample of 168 fishers and 130 traders was taken across 8 sites through questionnaires and observations. The small-scale fishery system is mapped using a value chain framework both traditionally and from a less economic point of view where the assistance-exchange networks between fishery actors add another layer of complexity. Auxiliary actors previously disregarded emerge from the latter method thus shedding light on the poorly understood distribution of benefits from seafood trade. Female actors participate quite differently, relative to males in the market system, detached from high-value links such as the tourist industry, and access to predetermined or secured sales deals. Data shows that the fisher-trader link is not as one-sided as previously presented. In fact it has a more symbiotic exchange deeply nested in a broader trading and social system. Expanding the analysis from this link by taking a further step downstream highlights traders' own sales arrangements and the social pressures they are under in realizing them. A complex picture, inclusive of diversified perspectives, on interactions in the market place is presented, as well as a. reflection on the remaining critical question: how to integrate this type of data into decisions about future fisheries governance.
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| 4. |
- Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth, 1988-
(författare)
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Catching values of small-scale fisheries : A look at markets, trade relations and fisher behaviour
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis explores small-scale fisheries trade, markets and the accompanying relationships. It does so to understand how they contribute to human wellbeing and ecosystem health through fisher's behaviour in the marine environment. The capacity of small-scale fisheries to provide for fisherfolk and wider society is currently challenged by human induced ecological threats such as overexploitation and climate change. Small-scale fisheries are increasingly incorporated into the global trading system, which in part drive these ecological changes. At the same time these fisheries are important providers of food and livelihood security for millions of people worldwide. How to realise better fishery governance approaches and enactment is therefore paramount. This thesis attempts to address knowledge gaps in governance and research that centre around the market and actors within it- an area little included in governing fisheries. I draw on the value chain concept and use a mixed methods approach to address three gaps. First, the structure and functioning of small-scale fishery markets and relations. Second, how benefits are distributed in the market and affected by trade relations. Third, I examine how relations and benefit distributions influence fishing behaviour. Case studies are used throughout this thesis drawing on empirical work done in Zanzibar, Tanzania and Iloilo, Philippines. The role of global seafood markets is additionally recognised as a driver of change in all four papers of the thesis. Paper I shows that extending the value chain to combine economic and informal exchanges identifies a wider range of fishery-related sources for human wellbeing within seafood trade. It also highlights more marginal players. Paper II demonstrates how actor's abilities to access economic benefits are impacted by local gender roles and social relations. But these intersect with their value chain position and end-markets. In Paper III local norms appear to play a role in fishing behaviour, more so than market incentives. These dynamics are explored through behavioural economic experiments. Finally Paper IV examines how patronage can have contradictory influences for fisherfolk vulnerability and adaptability. It can also create tensions for overall system resilience when considered at different scales. Overall the thesis contributes to a better understanding of the local to global drivers and interactions in small-scale fisheries trade. The thesis also provides insights into some of the factors influencing the distribution of fishery-related benefits. These aspects have all been cited as vital for designing strategies for improving the wellbeing of people reliant on fisheries.
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| 5. |
- Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth, 1988-
(författare)
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From typhoons to traders : the role of patronage under changing market and climate conditions
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The majority of the world's fishers, fishworkers and their dependents live in areas, like the coastal tropics, that are highly exposed to human-induced climate change. Such change can mean natural disasters impact coastal populations more acutely and frequently, also leading to increasing aid inventions. How these external disturbances affect local fisheries, and smallscale producers more broadly, is in part determined by the internal dynamics of the social-ecological system. Economic vulnerability often characterizes communities in these settings and influences the means with which they navigate changes. Providing much needed finance for low-income households in place of formal options is the patron-client system. This relationship represents an informal institution central to the organization of market interactions and pervasive in rural economies worldwide, particularly tropical small-scale fisheries. There is mounting evidence to suggest that the ability of the patron-client system to buffer income fluctuations has significant trade-offs with longer term fishery pathways when coupled with the major disturbances SSF face today, in particular global markets and climate change. In this paper we use a case study approach and trace the historical development of the fishery system in Iloilo Province (Philippines) in relation to a major natural disaster – the super-typhoon Haiyan that hit in 2013 (known locally as Yolanda), and the subsequent aid intervention that followed. We assess how these disturbances were filtered by the patron-client system and highlight resulting tensions with longer term system dynamics. We reflect on this case using the concept of governability and discuss what patronage means for challenges and opportunities in fishery governance.
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| 6. |
- Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth, et al.
(författare)
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From typhoons to traders : the role of patron-client relations in mediating fishery responses to natural disasters
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9326. ; 14:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The majority of the world's fishers, fishworkers and their dependents live in coastal tropical areas that are, and will be, highly exposed to human-induced climate change. Projections indicate such change could result in coastal populations being more frequently and acutely impacted by natural disasters. Increasing aid interventions is a likely knock-on effect of such scenarios. How these external natural and social disturbances interact and affect local fisheries and small-scale producers is in part determined by the internal dynamics of the social-ecological system (SES). Economic vulnerability often characterizes communities in these settings and influences the means with which they navigate changes. The patron-client system is prolific in many rural economies and small-scale fisheries. It forms a central element in the organization of market interactions and often provides much needed finance for low-income households in place of formal options. How such injection of capital promotes individuals' ability to buffer income fluctuations at the expense of long-term sustainability of the broader fishery system is still an area in need of examination. This paper contributes to shed light on this issue by using a case study approach to trace the historical development of the fishery system in the Iloilo Province (Philippines) in relation to a major natural disaster-super-typhoon Haiyan, known locally as Yolanda-and the subsequent aid intervention that followed. The aim is to assess how the patron-client system filtered these two related disturbances and to highlight the resulting tensions between short-term individual resilience and longer-term SES sustainability.
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| 7. |
- Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth, 1988-
(författare)
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Small-Scale Fisheries Governance : Broadening Perspectives on Markets, Relationships and Benefits in Seafood Trade
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This licentiate adresses the relative ambiguity surounding benefit flows from small-scale fisheries seafood trade with a specific focus on how they may be impacted by market and social stuctures. Small-scale fishery governenace has previously taken a narrowly approach to sustainability. Focused on managing fishing activities, economic-led market interventions and overlooking the embededness of the fishers within a broader social structure. Also failing to address fisheries as interlinked social-ecological systems where feedbacks between the two can impact future sustainability. The larger PhD project takes a step towards combining these two out-of-focus areas by taking a systems perspective, through a Value Chain approach, to fisheries governance, associated market influences and the consequent benefit flows from marine ecosystem services. This licentiate begins by unpacking dynamics within the social realm that may impact benefit flows and ultimately resource extraction decisions, potentially contributing to feedbacks from the marine ecosystem. Research uses mixed-methods and is case-orientated with sites across two tropical marine small-scale fisheries in Zanzibar and the Philippines. Results present two market environments with distinct structures, conduct, reciprocity systems and notably, gender roles. However both systems experience economic transactions underlain by broader social relations and binds. These various features manifest themselves in different, yet often unexpected, ways through income equalities, distributions and reciprocal networks of fishers and trading actors. Once a broadened and diversified view of the SSF trading environment is appropriated, it is clear that benefit flows are impacted by various contextual features (e.g. gender, transaction forms and buyer types). Governance-related research or interventions should incorporate undervalued local attributes such as cultural characteristics, social relationships and market participation as they play a role in who benefits from seafood trade. Thus If governance is to be improved for sustainably increasing food and livelihood security it is necessary to unpack these benefit flow mechanisms and, in particular, the local social dynamics that mediate fishers’ everyday interplay with the marine ecosystem. Future steps include the aim to identify potential social-ecological feedbacks between the disentangled market environments and the local marine ecosystems as a result of interactions in SSF trade.
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| 8. |
- Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Who benefits from seafood trade? A comparison of social and market structures in small-scale fisheries
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ecology and Society. - 1708-3087. ; 23:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the benefits flowing from a coastal seascape through seafood trade to various social groups in two distinct small-scale fishery case studies. A knowledge gap currently exists in relation to how benefits from a fishery, and the associated trade, are ultimately distributed, specifically, how market structures and relations, and the combined dynamics of the local fishing society, can mediate these flows. Previous research into improved fisheries governance for food and livelihood security has failed to integrate the structure of the market place as well as the multidimensional nature of actor relations that influence extractive behavior. Using a value chain framework, we take a relational approach to study these gaps. Surveys were conducted in two fisheries (Zanzibar and the Philippines) as part of a comparative analysis including market-types, assistance networks, and income inequality. Chain structures, gender roles, and levels of contractualization within the two cases differed vastly, appearing to give rise to different types of income inequalities and barriers to participation. In the Philippines economic exchanges revolve more around provision of financial capital, although in both systems social standing and obligations play a role in determining market structures. In Zanzibar trading agents engaging customers in predetermined sale arrangements earn relatively more than their counterpart freelancers, however at the production level no income differences are seen between those with or without arrangements. Both cases stand to be further integrated into the international seafood market, which raises questions over how certain actors will benefit, based on their current participation and access. Results emphasize the need for more evidence in regards to benefits flows and how aspects such as gender and transaction forms impact them. This is necessary for governance decisions around fisheries, poverty alleviation, and increased global market integration.
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| 9. |
- Käll, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Social embeddedness of fisheries trade : What can we learn for improved market interventions towards sustainability?
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Efforts to drive a transformation towards sustainability in fisheries production have increasingly been characterized by market-based approaches, such as certifications, ratings, traceability schemes and Fishery Improvement Projects (FIPs). These approaches are often based on the assumption that economic gain and business demand for sustainable seafood are enough to create change along the value chain, from producers to suppliers. Economic theories of rationality have dominated many market interventions, although these theories often do not hold up in reality. At the same time, non-economic aspects of markets are undervalued in the design of sustainable incentives, even though well-established social theories of embeddedness suggest market actors are in fact embedded in social relationships, institutions and culture, and that these filter and structure trade while also shaping actors’ economic behaviour and impact on the ecosystem. In this paper we provide a literature review of how the theory of social embeddedness has been applied in literature about fisheries trade. In light of the noted shortcomings, we argue that a wider acknowledgement and understanding of how economic behaviour is embedded within fisheries systems is necessary to modified and improve current market-based approaches. By analysing empirical insights from published case studies, and identifying and synthesizing key social structures that appear as particularly important for fisheries trade, we explore the social aspects of fishery trade that market-based approaches will likely need to consider and account for to improve their success. Our review shows that three aspects will likely to be particularly important to consider; i) the importance of social identity and structures (e.g., ethnicity) for trade relationships and market access; ii) different forms of trust and the roles it plays in influencing trade strategies; and iii) the importance of community as local norm-setting for trade and trade as community builder. We end with a discussion on how future research areas can promote better design of sustainability interventions.
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| 10. |
- Lindkvist, Emilie, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Untangling social–ecological interactions : A methods portfolio approach to tackling contemporary sustainability challenges in fisheries
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fish and Fisheries. - : Wiley. - 1467-2960 .- 1467-2979. ; 23:5, s. 1202-1220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Meeting the objectives of sustainable fisheries management requires attention to the complex interactions between humans, institutions and ecosystems that give rise to fishery outcomes. Traditional approaches to studying fisheries often do not fully capture, nor focus on these complex interactions between people and ecosystems. Despite advances in the scope and scale of interactions encompassed by more holistic methods, for example ecosystem-based fisheries management approaches, no single method can adequately capture the complexity of human–nature interactions. Approaches that combine quantitative and qualitative analytical approaches are necessary to generate a deeper understanding of these interactions and illuminate pathways to address fisheries sustainability challenges. However, combining methods is inherently challenging and requires understanding multiple methods from different, often disciplinarily distinct origins, demanding reflexivity of the researchers involved. Social–ecological systems’ research has a history of utilising combinations of methods across the social and ecological realms to account for spatial and temporal dynamics, uncertainty and feedbacks that are key components of fisheries. We describe several categories of analytical methods (statistical modelling, network analysis, dynamic modelling, qualitative analysis and controlled behavioural experiments) and highlight their applications in fisheries research, strengths and limitations, data needs and overall objectives. We then discuss important considerations of a methods portfolio development process, including reflexivity, epistemological and ontological concerns and illustrate these considerations via three case studies. We show that, by expanding their methods portfolios, researchers will be better equipped to study the complex interactions shaping fisheries and contribute to solutions for sustainable fisheries management.
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