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- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 6. |
- Huang, Na, et al.
(författare)
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Distributed and adaptive triggering control for networked agents with linear dynamics
- 2020
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Ingår i: Information Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0020-0255. ; 517, s. 297-314
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes distributed event-triggered schemes for achieving state consensus for multi-agent linear systems. For each agent modeled by a linear control system in Rn, a positive signal is embedded in its event function, with the aim of guaranteeing an asymptotic convergence to state consensus for networked linear systems interacted in an undirected and connected graph, and with Zeno triggering excluded for all the agents. The proposed distributed event-based consensus algorithm allows each agent to update its own control at its own triggering times instead of using continuous updates, which thereby avoids complicated computation steps involving data fusion and matrix exponential calculations as used in several event-based control schemes reported in the literature. We further propose a totally distributed and adaptive event-based algorithm, in the sense that each agent utilizes only local measurements with respect to its neighboring agents in its event detection and control update. In this framework, the proposed algorithm is independent of any global network information such as Laplacian matrix eigenvalues associated with the underlying interaction graph. A positive L1 signal function is included in the adaptive event-based algorithm to guarantee asymptotic consensus convergence and Zeno-free triggering for all the agents. Simulations are provided to validate the performance and superiority of the developed event-based consensus strategies.
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| 7. |
- Khoshnevisan, Benyamin, et al.
(författare)
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A critical review on livestock manure biorefinery technologies : Sustainability, challenges, and future perspectives
- 2021
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An ever increasing demand for animal protein products has posed serious challenges for managing the increasingquantities of livestock manure. The choice of treatment technologies is still a complicated task and considerabledebates over this issue still continue. To build a clearer picture of manure treatment framework, this study wasconducted to review the most frequently employed manure management technologies from their state of the art,challenges, sustainability, environmental regulations and incentives, and improvement strategies perspectives.The results showed that most treatment technologies have focused on the solid fraction of manure while theliquid fraction still remains a potential environmental threat. Compared to other waste to energy solutions,anaerobic digestion is the most mature technology to upgrade manure’s organic matter into renewable energy,however the problems associated with high investment costs, operating parameters, manure collection, anddigestate management have hindered its developments in rural areas in developing countries. Bio-oil productionthrough hydrothermal liquification is also a promising solution, as it can directly convert the wet manure intobiofuel. However, lipid-poor nature of manure, operational difficulties, and the need for downstream process toremove nitrogenous compounds from the final product necessitate further research. Livestock manure management(both solid and liquid fractions) under biorefinery approach seems an inevitable solution for futuresustainable development to meet circular bioeconomy requirements. Much research is still required to establish asystematic framework based on regional requirements to develop an integrated manure nutrient recycling andmanure management planning with minimum environmental risks and maximum profit.
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| 8. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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- Lele, Duan, et al.
(författare)
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Carbene-pyridine chelating 2Fe2S hydrogenase model complexes as highly active catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of protons from weak acid (HOAc)
- 2007
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Ingår i: Dalton Transactions. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1477-9226 .- 1477-9234. ; :13, s. 1277-1283
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two asymmetrically disubstituted diiron complexes (mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)(3)][Fe(CO)(eta(2)-L)] (L = 1-methyl-3-(2-pyridyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (NHCMePy), 2; 1,3-bis(2-picolyl) imidazol-2-ylidene (NHCdiPic), 4) and a mono-substituted diiron complex (mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)(3)][Fe(CO)(2)(NHCdiPic)] (3) were prepared as biomimetic models of the Fe-only hydrogenase active site. X-Ray studies show that the NHCMePy and NHCdiPic ligands in 2 and 4 each coordinate to the single iron atom as NHC-Py chelating ligands in two basal positions and the NHCdiPic ligand of complex 3 lies in an apical position as a monodentate ligand. The large ranges of the highest and the lowest nu(CO) frequencies of 2 and 4 reflect that the relatively uneven electron density on the two iron atoms of the 2Fe2S model complexes 2 and 4 is as that observed for mono-substituted diiron complexes of good donor ligands. The cyclic voltammograms and the electrochemical proton reduction by 2 and 3 were studied in the presence of HOAc to evaluate the effect of asymmetrical substitution of strong donor ligands on the redox properties of the iron atoms and on the electrocatalytic activity for proton reduction.
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