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| 2. |
- Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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"Blessed are the nations with high levels of schizophrenia" : national level schizophrenia prevalence and its relationship with national level religiosity
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of religion and health. - : Springer. - 0022-4197 .- 1573-6571. ; 61:1, s. 6-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Schizophrenia is correlated with religious delusions but, heretofore, the relationship between schizophrenia prevalence and religiosity has not been explored at the national level. Examining this relationship, we find that national level schizophrenia prevalence is correlated with national level religiosity and strongly negatively correlated with national level atheism across 125 countries. When controlling for cognitive performance and economic development in multiple regression analyses, the proportion of the variance explained was 2.9% (p < .005) for Religiousness and 5.1% for Atheism (p < .00005). Alternative causal interpretations of this association are discussed.
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| 3. |
- Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Evolution of punishment
- 2019
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319196497 - 9783319169996
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
- Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Genius and premature birth: little evidence that claims about historically eminent scientists are accurate
- 2021
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Ingår i: Indian Journal of History of Science. - : Springer. - 0019-5235 .- 2454-9991. ; 56, s. 20-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of very eminent and highly creative individuals are often claimed to have been born prematurely, and the idea that widely recognised scientific geniuses such as Newton, Kepler, and Darwin were preterm has become a cultural meme through the popular press, and through popular and academic science books. This potentially raises very important questions, related to the nature and origin of creativity and innovation, as it has been suggested that prematurity and genius may be linked. Here, we review suggested links between prematurity and genius, in terms of psychological traits associated with genius, and compare the percentage of top geniuses in Murray's Human Accomplishment who are claimed to have been born prematurely to that of Western populations in general. Although a significant number of those in Murray's sample have been asserted to be preterm, we found that none of them could be said with certainty to have been so, refuting the hypothesis that there is a clear connection between prematurity and scientific genius.
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| 5. |
- Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Spare the rod and spoil the group’s cultural fitness? : Conditions under which corporal punishment leads to detrimental and beneficial outcomes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Medical Hypotheses. - : Elsevier. - 0306-9877 .- 1532-2777. ; 145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Corporal punishment of children is common across human history, and the specific practice of striking the buttocks, known as spanking, seems to have developed independently across a number of separate cultures. This pattern suggests adaptive value, posing a paradox in view of the many reviews stating that spanking has purely negative outcomes on future mental health, and the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics that it be outlawed. We purport to resolve this paradox by separating this particular type of corporal punishment from less controlled lashing out in anger, and we reanalyze these reviews in terms of psychological and physical health outcomes. We find that spanking is associated with positive mental health outcomes when (1) performed by calm parents in a (2) ritualized, structured fashion and combined with (3) other disciplinary techniques within (4) a loving relationship with the child, typically (5) as part of the practice of moral, collective religiosity, and when (6) controlling for confounding variables. In that spanking is noticeably practiced by conservative religious cultural groups, we hypothesize that it can be a fitness-promoting form of behaviour in line with religiousness being an example of a group-fitness-promoting adaptation.
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| 6. |
- Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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The mutant says in his heart, "There is no God" : the rejection of collective religiosity centred around the worship of moral gods is associated with high mutational load
- 2018
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Ingår i: Evolutionary Psychological Science. - : Springer. - 2198-9885. ; 4:3, s. 233-244
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Industrialisation leads to relaxed selection and thus the accumulation of fitness-damaging genetic mutations. We argue that religion is a selected trait that would be highly sensitive to mutational load. We further argue that a specific form of religiousness was selected for in complex societies up until industrialisation based around the collective worship of moral gods. With the relaxation of selection, we predict the degeneration of this form of religion and diverse deviations from it. These deviations, however, would correlate with the same indicators because they would all be underpinned by mutational load. We test this hypothesis using two very different deviations: atheism and paranormal belief. We examine associations between these deviations and four indicators of mutational load: (1) poor general health, (2) autism, (3) fluctuating asymmetry, and (4) left-handedness. A systematic literature review combined with primary research on handedness demonstrates that atheism and/or paranormal belief is associated with all of these indicators of high mutational load.
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| 7. |
- Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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The myth of the stupid believer : The negative religiousness-IQ nexus is not on general intelligence (g) and is likely a product of the relations between IQ and Autism Spectrum traits
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of religion and health. - : Springer. - 0022-4197 .- 1573-6571. ; 59:3, s. 1567-1579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerous studies have found a negative relationship between religiousness and IQ. It is in the region of - 0.2, according to meta-analyses. The reasons for this relationship are, however, unknown. It has been suggested that higher intelligence leads to greater attraction to science, or that it helps to override evolved cognitive dispositions such as for religiousness. Either way, such explanations assume that the religion-IQ nexus is on general intelligence (g), rather than some subset of specialized cognitive abilities. In other words, they assume it is a Jensen effect. Two large datasets comparing groups with different levels of religiousness show that their IQ differences are not on g and must, therefore, be attributed to specialized abilities. An analysis of the specialized abilities on which the religious and non-religious groups differ reveals no clear pattern. We cautiously suggest that this may be explicable in terms of autism spectrum disorder traits among people with high IQ scores, because such traits are negatively associated with religiousness.
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| 8. |
- Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Why do high IQ societies differ in intellectual achievement? : The role of schizophrenia and left-handedness in per capita scientific publications and Nobel prizes
- 2020
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Ingår i: The Journal of creative behavior. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-0175 .- 2162-6057. ; 54:4, s. 871-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has attempted to understand why countries with relatively favorable conditions and high estimated average IQs (such as Finland and Japan) have a relatively low per capita number of scientific Nobel prizes. In the present study, we examine whether there is a relationship between national schizophrenia and left‐handedness prevalence, on the one hand, and per capita scientific and literary achievement, on the other hand, in countries with IQ estimates of at least 90. We found that per capita science and literature Nobel prizes and scientific publications are strongly negatively associated with schizophrenia and strongly positively correlated with left‐handedness. There also was a very pronounced negative correlation between schizophrenia rate and left‐handedness rate. These results suggest that genius can be regarded as a combination of very high IQ, aspects of high‐functioning autism (specifically low empathy) plus relatively low impulse control, consistent with observations of intellectually outstanding individuals, and the fact that schizophrenia appears to constitute the opposite pole of these aspects of autism spectrum. We posit differences in androgen levels as a possible underlying explanation for these findings.
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| 9. |
- Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Why do middle-class couples of European descent adopt children from Africa and Asia? Some Support for the Differential K Model
- 2018
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 130, s. 156-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patterns of adoption behaviour are starkly asymmetric across populations. To better understand this phenomenon we conducted a systematic review of transracial adoption and adoption in general. We found six quantitative studies from the USA (with representative samples comprising a total of 117,000 participants) which had examined sex, race, and SES in relation to differences in behaviours and attitudes regarding both transracial adoption and adoption in general. A secondary analysis of these data found that transracial adopting is predicted by being female, white (as opposed to black), and of higher SES. These data are consistent with group differences in Life History Strategy – the Differential K model – regarding males and females, SES differences, and white and black people, but not with the fact that both transracial adoption and adoption rates in general seem to be lower in Northeast Asian countries. The influence of cultural factors upon these patterns may be addressed by future studies.
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