| 1. |
- Adel, Amany, et al.
(författare)
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Epidemiological and molecular analysis of circulating fowl adenoviruses and emerging of serotypes 1, 3, and 8b in Egypt
- 2021
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Ingår i: Heliyon. - : Elsevier. - 2405-8440. ; 7:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) are a large group of viruses of different serotypes. They are responsible for inclusion body hepatitis, adenoviral gizzard erosion, and hepatitis hydropericardium syndrome. The present study presents a comprehensive overview of FAdVs in Egypt, with a focus on the epidemiological features of virus serotypes across the country. We conducted molecular investigation of multiple FAdV species based on the genetic signature of hypervariable regions 1-4 in the loop1 (L1) region of the hexon gene. Epidemiologically, the Nile Delta governorates showed high positivity of FAdVs, which were more commonly found in broilers than in layers. Genetically, species D and serotype 8a/E dominated, and the findings also revealed the emergence of new FAdV serotypes 1, 3, and 8b. The comparative analysis of hypervariable regions in the L1 region of the hexon gene revealed variables specific to each virus serotype. In silico predictions of L1 region revealed variations in the molecular structure and predicted the antigenic epitopes which may affect the cross-antigenicity between the different FAdV species and serotypes.
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| 2. |
- Hassan, Ayah M., et al.
(författare)
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Molecular Characterization of Newly Emerging Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT 2 of Lib-12 Lineage Isolated from Egypt
- 2022
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Ingår i: Virus Research. - : Elsevier. - 0168-1702 .- 1872-7492. ; 311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype SAT 2 occurred in Egypt in 2018, which affected cattle and water buffalo. Previous phylogenetic studies on FMDV circulating in Egypt have mainly focused on genomic regions encoding structural proteins which determine FMDV serotype. So far, none of these studies have analyzed the open reading frame (ORF) sequence of Egyptian SAT 2/Lib-12 lineage. The present study aimed to analyze and identify the ORF genome sequence of Lib-12 lineage which belongs to FMDV serotype SAT 2 topotype VII in Egypt. The protocol workflow was optimized and tested using a representative field isolate of FMDV/ SAT 2/Lib-12 from a bovine tongue sample collected in 2018 from Ismailia governorate (SAT2/EGY/Ismailia/ 2018). The protocol was based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with multiple overlapping primers, amplicons sequencing, and assembly to complete the ORF consensus sequence. Alignments of the sequence fragments formed consensus genome sequence of 7219 nucleotides in length. The complete nucleotide sequence of the Egyptian isolate was related to Ethiopian, Nigerian, and Ghanaian strains, with identity not exceeding 95%. The divergence in the genetic identity of the Egyptian SAT 2/Lib-12 lineage from other Egyptian strains and Libyan isolates was 7%, and this may be attributed to the absence of the Lib-12 lineage ORF sequence from Egypt and Libya in the database. The present study significantly advances knowledge of the molecular analysis of FMDV SAT 2 and the design of vaccine selection for FMDV SAT 2 in Egypt. The study protocol could be applied to other FMDV serotypes.
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| 3. |
- Sarker, M. Shahjahan A., et al.
(författare)
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Maximization of Livestock Anthrax Vaccination Coverage in Bangladesh : An Alternative Approach
- 2020
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Ingår i: Vaccines. - : MDPI. - 2076-393X. ; 8:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low vaccination coverage of livestock is one of the major challenges to control anthrax in Bangladesh. This study was conducted to assess an alternate approach to maximize vaccination coverage. The method included traditional vaccination campaigns, livestock census, interviews, focus group discussions of cattle farmers, vaccination and livestock personnel, and validation workshops. It was observed that a mass vaccination program covered only 44% of the cattle population. It was found that 54.1% of the respondents did not bring their cattle to mass vaccination programs due to the difficulties of handling cattle and that there was no male member in the household. Only 12.5% of respondents acknowledged that they were not aware of the vaccine, and 3% of the respondents claimed that they ignored vaccination due to cost. All of the respondents from livestock personnel agreed that manpower was not enough to cover the total area. Further, 20% of vaccinators mentioned that they did not get enough vaccines. For an effective vaccination program, 58.33% of respondents recommended door-to-door service, and 54.16% of respondents suggested to arrange regular vaccination campaigns in six-month intervals. Thus, regular campaigns with door-to-door vaccination services are suggested to control anthrax outbreaks in Bangladesh.
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| 4. |
- El Zowalaty, Mohamed E., et al.
(författare)
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Genome sequences of two multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains MEZEC8 and MEZEC10 isolated from livestock in South Africa
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. - OXFORD ENGLAND : Elsevier BV. - 2213-7165 .- 2213-7173. ; 23, s. 445-449
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant livestock-associated Escherichia coli represents a great public health concern. Here we report the draft genome sequences of two multidrug-resistant livestock-associated E. coli strains MEZEC8 and MEZEC10 isolated from sheep in South Africa. Methods: Genomic DNA of E. coli strains MEZEC8 and MEZEC10 was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform. Generated reads were trimmed and de novo assembled. The assembled contigs were analysed for antimicrobial resistance genes, chromosomal mutations and extrachromosomal plasmids, and the sequence type (ST) was determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). To compare strains MEZEC8 and MEZEC10 with other previously published sequences of E. coli strains, raw read sequences of E. coli from livestock were downloaded from the NCBI's Sequence Read Archive and all sequence files were treated identically to generate a core genome bootstrapped maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree. Results: Antimicrobial resistance genes were detected in MEZEC8 and MEZEC10 conferring resistance to tetracycline and macrolides. MEZEC10 harboured two extrachromosomal plasmids (pO111 and Incl2), while MEZEC8 did not contain any extrachromosomal plasmids. Strain MEZEC8 belonged to serotype H25:O9 and ST58, whereas strain MEZEC10 belonged to serotype H49:O8 and ST1844. Conclusion: The genome sequences of E. coli strains MEZEC8 and MEZEC10 will serve as a reference point for molecular epidemiological studies of antimicrobial-resistant livestock-associated E. coli in Africa. In addition, this study allows in-depth analysis of genomic structure and will provide valuable information enabling us understand the antimicrobial resistance of livestock-associated E. coli. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.
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| 5. |
- Hassan, Ayah M., et al.
(författare)
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Molecular detection, phylogenetic analysis and genetic diversity of recently isolated foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A African topotype, Genotype IV
- 2022
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Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1743-422X. ; 19:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundSurveillance for circulating emerging diseases of economic importance has a major role in the rapid response to major pathogen outbreaks. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the significant endemic viruses in Egypt. FMDV is periodically investigated for monitoring evolution and emergence of new variants. The genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus serotype A responsible for recent outbreaks of FMD in Egypt was determined.MethodsSamples were collected from different locations and virus isolation was performed using BHK-21 cells. Viral RNA was extracted and samples were screened for FMDV using real-time RT-PCR. DNA sequence analysis was performed and computational and bioinformatics analyses were used to determine the substitution rates and phylogenetic relationship.ResultsSequence and phylogenetic analyses of full-length 1D region of FMDV samples collected from different governorates in 2020 showed close similarity to Egyptian FMDV strains from serotype A-African topotype-G-IV with genetic variation of 6.5%. Recently isolated FMDV strains showed high genetic variations from locally used vaccine strains in the major antigenic sites of VP1 region.ConclusionsAlthough, efforts made by the veterinary authorities to implement an effective mass vaccination plan, the recently detected FMDV strains in this study could not be subtyped using the FMDV primers routinely used for molecular serotyping. These dissimilarities raise the alarm for reconsideration of the FMDV isolates used in vaccine manufacture. Clearly close monitoring of FMD in Egypt is urgently required to define the risks of future outbreaks and to ensure appropriate control measures against FMD major outbreaks.
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| 6. |
- Hassan, Mohammad M., et al.
(författare)
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Serological Evidence of Avian Influenza in Captive Wild Birds in a Zoo and Two Safari Parks in Bangladesh
- 2020
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Ingår i: Veterinary Sciences. - : MDPI AG. - 2306-7381. ; 7:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Avian influenza (AI) is endemic and frequently causes seasonal outbreaks in winter in Bangladesh due to high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2. Among avian influenza A viruses (AIV), H5, H7, and H9 subtypes have the most zoonotic potential. Captive birds in zoos and safari parks are used for educational, recreational, breeding, and conservational purposes in Bangladesh. To screen for AIV in captive birds to assess potential public health threats, we conducted a cross-sectional study in two safari parks and one zoo in Bangladesh for four months, from November to December 2013 and from January to February 2014. We collected blood samples, oropharyngeal, and cloacal swabs from 228 birds. We tested serum samples for AIV antibodies using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and AIV sero-subtype H5, H7, and H9 using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Swab samples were tested for the presence of avian influenza viral RNA using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Across all the samples, AIV antibody prevalence was 9.7% (95% CI: 6.1-14.2, n = 228) and AIV HA subtype H5, H7 and H9 sero-prevalence was 0% (95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228), 0% (95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228) and 6.6% (95% CI: 3.72-10.6, n = 228), respectively. No AI viral RNA (M-gene) was detected in any swab sample (0%, 95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228). Birds in the Safari park at Cox's Bazar had a higher prevalence in both AIV antibody prevalence (13.5%) and AIV H9 sero-prevalence (9.6%) than any of the other sites, although the difference was not statistically significant. Among eight species of birds, Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) had the highest sero-positivity for both AIV antibody prevalence (26.1%) and AIV H9 prevalence (17.4%) followed by Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) with AIV antibody prevalence of 18.2% and AIV H9 prevalence of 11.4%. Our results highlight the presence of AI antibodies indicating low pathogenic AIV mingling in captive birds in zoos and safari parks in Bangladesh. Continuous programmed surveillance is therefore recommended to help better understand the diversity of AIVs and provide a clear picture of AI in captive wild birds, enabling interventions to reduce the risk of AIV transmission to humans.
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| 7. |
- Rahman, Md. Tanvir, et al.
(författare)
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Zoonotic Diseases : Etiology, Impact, and Control
- 2020
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Ingår i: Microorganisms. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-2607. ; 8:9
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to vertebrate animals. More than 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic in origin. This includes a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, and other pathogens. Factors such as climate change, urbanization, animal migration and trade, travel and tourism, vector biology, anthropogenic factors, and natural factors have greatly influenced the emergence, re-emergence, distribution, and patterns of zoonoses. As time goes on, there are more emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. In this review, we reviewed the etiology of major zoonotic diseases, their impact on human health, and control measures for better management. We also highlighted COVID-19, a newly emerging zoonotic disease of likely bat origin that has affected millions of humans along with devastating global consequences. The implementation of One Health measures is highly recommended for the effective prevention and control of possible zoonosis.
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| 8. |
- El Bagoury, Gabr F., et al.
(författare)
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Development and evaluation of one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for improved detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes circulating in Egypt
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Virological Methods. - : Elsevier. - 0166-0934 .- 1879-0984. ; 306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious and economically important viral disease affecting livestock. Rapid and precise diagnosis of FMD is of critical importance for efficient control and surveillance strategies of the disease. In this study, one-step real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) assays were developed using newly designed primers/probe sets in the conserved regions within the VP1 coding sequence for specific detection of FMDV serotypes SAT 2 and O with their different lineage circulating in Egypt. The assays were validated for efficacy to detect different lineages of these endemic FMDV serotypes in Egypt; the detection limit was 10 genomic copies for serotype SAT 2 and one genomic copy for serotype O, with no cross-reactivity observed. These findings were confirmed by the specific and sensitive detection of FMDV in clinical samples obtained from different regions in Egypt and representing a range of subtypes within the SAT 2 and O serotypes. The results illustrated the potential of tailored RT-qPCR methods for the rapid detection and serotyping of FMDV belonging to different lineages of serotypes SAT 2 and O circulating in Egypt with high sensitivity and specificity. The developed assays could be easily deployed for routine surveillance and hence improving the disease control measures.
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| 9. |
- Shahid, Ahosanul H., et al.
(författare)
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Molecular detection of vancomycin and methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food processing environments
- 2021
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Ingår i: One Health. - : Elsevier. - 2352-7714. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known foodborne pathogen. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of S. aureus isolated from serving utensils in food processing environments in Mymensingh city, Bangladesh and to determine their antibiogram and resistance determinants. A total of 120 environmental samples were collected from different food settings. Isolation and identification were conducted using conventional biochemical tests. Molecular identification of isolates and detection of methicillin and vancomycin resistance were done using primer-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting Tuf, nuc, mecA, and mecC genes. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed, and resistance genes were also detected by amplifying blaTEM, vanA, vanB, and vanC genes. Among the 120 samples, 81 (67.5%) were positive for Staphylococcus spp. and 41 (50.62%) were positive for the nuc-gene. Among the 41 isolates, 5 (12.20%) were positive for mecA, but none were positive for the mecC gene. A total of 12.2% of the isolates were vanC-positive, of which 4 isolates (9.76%) were also positive for the mecA gene. Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that all S. aureus isolates (100%) from hotel samples were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol, 90.32% were sensitive to doxycycline, and 80.65% were sensitive to streptomycin. Conversely, all isolates (100%) were resistant to ampicillin, and 29.03% were resistant to vancomycin. All S. aureus isolates obtained from non-hotel samples were susceptible to chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, meropenem, and vancomycin; however, 40% of isolates were resistant to novobiocin. Among the hotel isolates, 29 (93.55%) of the ampicillin-resistant isolates harbored the blaTEM gene while 5 (55.55%) of the vancomycin-resistant isolates harbored the vanC gene. Four of the five vanC positive isolates were also positive for the mecA gene. The presence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) which is also vancomycin-resistant in food processing environments is a threat to public health. This is the first report on the molecular detection of methicillin and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus isolated from food processing environments in Bangladesh.
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| 10. |
- Alam, Shanzida Binte, et al.
(författare)
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Molecular Detection of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Species Isolated from Broiler Farm in Bangladesh
- 2020
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Ingår i: Pathogens. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-0817. ; 9:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella are a leading cause of foodborne diseases and serious human health concerns worldwide. In this study we detected MDR Salmonella in broiler chicken along with the resistance genes and class 1 integron gene intl1. A total of 100 samples were collected from broiler farms comprising 50 cloacal swabs, 35 litter and 15 feed samples. Overall prevalence of Salmonella was 35% with the highest detected in cloacal swabs. Among the Salmonella, 30 isolates were confirmed as S. enterica serovar Typhimurium using molecular methods of PCR. Disk diffusion susceptibility test revealed that all the Salmonella were classified as MDR with the highest resistance to tetracycline (97.14%), chloramphenicol (94.28%), ampicillin (82.85%) and streptomycin (77.14%). The most prevalent resistance genotypes were tetA (97.14%), floR (94.28%), blaTEM-1 (82.85%) and aadA1 (77.14%). In addition, among the MDR Salmonella, 20% were positive for class 1 integron gene (intl1). As far as we know, this is the first study describing the molecular basis of antibiotic resistance in MDR Salmonella from broiler farms in Bangladesh. In addition to tetA, floR, blaTEM-1, aadA1 and intl1 were also detected in the isolated MDR Salmonella. The detection of MDR Salmonella in broiler chicken carrying intl1 is of serious public health concern because of their zoonotic nature and possibilities to enter into the food chain.
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