| 1. |
- Ebadat, Afrooz, et al.
(författare)
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Application-oriented input design for room occupancy estimation algorithms
- 2017
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Ingår i: 2017 IEEE 56TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL (CDC). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE. - 9781509028733 - 9781509028740
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We consider the problem of occupancy estimation in buildings using available environmental information. In particular, we study the problem of how to collect data that is informative enough for occupancy estimation purposes. We thus propose an application-oriented input design approach for designing the ventilation signal to be used while collecting the system identification datasets. The main goal of the method is to guarantee a certain accuracy in the estimated occupancy levels while minimizing the experimental time and effort. To take into account potential limitations on the actuation signals we moreover formulate the problem as a recursive nonlinear and nonconvex optimization problem, solved then using exhaustive search methods. We finally corroborate the theoretical findings with some numerical examples, which results show that computing ventilation signals using experiment design concepts leads to occupancy estimator performing 4 times better in terms of Mean Square Error (MSE).
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| 2. |
- Ebadat, Afrooz, et al.
(författare)
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Application Set Approximation in Optimal Input Design for Model Predictive Control
- 2014
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Ingår i: 2014 European Control Conference (ECC). - 9783952426913 ; , s. 744-749
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This contribution considers one central aspect of experiment design in system identification, namely application set approximation. When a control design is based on an estimated model, the achievable performance is related to the quality of the estimate. The degradation in control performance due to plant-modeling missmatch is quantified by an application cost function. A convex approximation of the set of models that satisfy the control specification is typically required in optimal input design. The standard approach is to use a quadratic approximation of the application cost function, where the main computational effort is to find the corresponding Hessian matrix. Our main contribution is an alternative approach for this problem, which uses the structure of the underlying optimal control problem to considerably reduce the computations needed to find the application set. This technique allows the use of applications oriented input design for MPC on much more complex plants. The approach is numerically evaluated on a distillation control problem.
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| 3. |
- Ebadat, Afrooz, et al.
(författare)
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Applications Oriented Input Design for Closed-Loop System Identification : a Graph-Theory Approach
- 2014
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Ingår i: 2014 IEEE 53RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL (CDC). - : IEEE. - 9781467360906 ; , s. 4125-4130
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new approach to experimental design for identification of closed-loop models is presented. The method considers the design of an experiment by minimizing experimental cost, subject to probabilistic bounds on the input and output signals, and quality constraints on the identified model. The input and output bounds are common in many industrial processes due to physical limitations of actuators. The aforementioned constraints make the problem non-convex. By assuming that the experiment is a realization of a stationary process with finite memory and finite alphabet, we use results from graph-theory to relax the problem. The key feature of this approach is that the problem becomes convex even for non-linear feedback systems. A numerical example shows that the proposed technique is an attractive alternative for closed-loop system identification.
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| 4. |
- Ebadat, Afrooz, et al.
(författare)
-
Applications Oriented Input Design in Time-Domain Through Cyclic Methods
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we propose a method for applications oriented input design for linear systems in open-loop under time-domain constraints on the amplitude of input and output signals. The method guarantees a desired control performance for the estimated model in minimum time, by imposing some lower bound on the information matrix. The problem is formulated as a time-domain optimization problem, which is non-convex. This is addressed through an alternating method, where we separate the problem into two steps and at each step we optimize the cost function with respect to one of two variables. We alternate between these two steps until convergence. A time recursive input design algorithm is performed, which enables us to use the algorithm with control. Therefore, a receding horizon framework is used to solve each optimization problem. Finally, we illustrate the method with a numerical example which shows the good ability of the proposed approach in generating an optimal input signal.
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| 5. |
- Ebadat, Afrooz, et al.
(författare)
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Blind identification strategies for room occupancy estimation
- 2015
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Ingår i: 2015 European Control Conference (ECC). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 9783952426937 ; , s. 1315-1320
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose and test on real data a two-tier estimation strategy for inferring occupancy levels from measurements of CO2 concentration and temperature levels. The first tier is a blind identification step, based either on a frequentist Maximum Likelihood method, implemented using non-linear optimization, or on a Bayesian marginal likelihood method, implemented using a dedicated Expectation-Maximization algorithm. The second tier resolves the ambiguity of the unknown multiplicative factor, and returns the final estimate of the occupancy levels. The overall procedure addresses some practical issues of existing occupancy estimation strategies. More specifically, first it does not require the installation of special hardware, since it uses measurements that are typically available in many buildings. Second, it does not require apriori knowledge on the physical parameters of the building, since it performs system identification steps. Third, it does not require pilot data containing measured real occupancy patterns (i.e., physically counting people for some periods, a typically expensive and time consuming step), since the identification steps are blind.
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| 6. |
- Ebadat, Afrooz, et al.
(författare)
-
Estimation of building occupancy levels through environmental signals deconvolution
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 5th ACM Workshop on Embedded Systems For Energy-Efficient Buildings. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450324311
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We address the problem of estimating the occupancy levelsin rooms using the information available in standardHVAC systems. Instead of employing dedicated devices, weexploit the significant statistical correlations between the occupancylevels and the CO2 concentration, room temperature,and ventilation actuation signals in order to identify adynamic model. The building occupancy estimation problemis formulated as a regularized deconvolution problem, wherethe estimated occupancy is the input that, when injected intothe identified model, best explains the currently measuredCO2 levels. Since occupancy levels are piecewise constant,the zero norm of occupancy is plugged into the cost functionto penalize non-piecewise constant inputs. The problemthen is seen as a particular case of fused-lasso estimator byrelaxing the zero norm into the `1 norm. We propose bothonline and offline estimators; the latter is shown to performfavorably compared to other data-based building occupancyestimators. Results on a real testbed show that the MSE ofthe proposed scheme, trained on a one-week-long dataset, is half the MSE of equivalent Neural Network (NN) or SupportVector Machine (SVM) estimation strategies.
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| 7. |
- Ebadat, Afrooz, 1986-
(författare)
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Experiment Design for Closed-loop System Identification with Applications in Model Predictive Control and Occupancy Estimation
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this thesis is to develop algorithms for application-oriented input design. This procedure takes the model application into account when designing experiments for system identification.This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part considers the theory of application-oriented input design, with special attention to Model Predictive Control (MPC). We start by studying how to find a convex approximation of the set of models that result in acceptable control performance using analytical methods when controllers with no closed-form control law, for e.g., MPC are employed. The application-oriented input design is formulated in time domain to enable handling of signals constraints. The framework is extended to closed-loop systems where two cases are considered i.e., when the plant is controlled by a general but known controller and for the case of MPC. To this end, an external stationary signal is designed via graph theory. Different sources of uncertainty in application-oriented input design are investigated and a robust application-oriented input design framework is proposed.The second part of this thesis is devoted to the problem of estimating the number of occupants based on the information available to HVAC systems in buildings. The occupancy estimation is first formulated as a two-tier problem. In the first tier, the room dynamic is identified using temporary measurements of occupancy. In the second tier, the identified model is employed to formulate the problem as a fused-lasso problem. The proposed method is further developed to be used as a multi-room estimator using a physics-based model. However, since it is not always possible to collect measurements of occupancy, we proceed by proposing a blind identification algorithm which estimates the room dynamic and occupancy, simultaneously. Finally, the application-oriented input design framework is employed to collect data that is informative enough for occupancy estimation purposes.
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| 8. |
- Ebadat, Afrooz, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic algorithm assisted fuzzy iterative learning optimizer for automatic optimization of oil well placement under production constraints
- 2012
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Ingår i: Control Applications of Optimization. - : International Federation of Automatic Control. - 9783902823144 ; , s. 223-228
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper a new optimization approach based on fuzzy systems and iterative learning is proposed where Genetic Algorithm (GA) employed to optimally determine fuzzy parameters. The method is appropriate for highly nonlinear and uncertain large scale systems such as optimal oil well placement. Well-placement is a crucial step in field development. However, the major difficulties of the problem are highly nonlinear dynamics of reservoir, well locations constraints and large number of decision variables. Therefore, in this paper, a new optimization method is proposed and employed to solve the problem. Fuzzy rule generation is done employing GA to avoid being stuck in local optima. Since fuzzy coefficients are considered as decision variables instead of well locations, number of optimization parameters reduces significantly. Simulation results show superior performance such as lower computational load and less number of simulator runs compared with ones obtained by previous methods.
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| 9. |
- Ebadat, Afrooz, et al.
(författare)
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Model Predictive Control oriented experiment design for system identification : A graph theoretical approach
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Process Control. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0959-1524 .- 1873-2771. ; 52, s. 75-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a new approach to Model Predictive Control (MPC) oriented experiment design for the identification of systems operating in closed-loop. The method considers the design of an experiment by minimizing the experimental cost, subject to probabilistic bounds on the input and output signals due to physical limitations of actuators, and quality constraints on the identified model. The excitation is done by intentionally adding a disturbance to the loop. We then design the external excitation to achieve the minimum experimental effort while we are also taking care of the tracking performance of MPC. The stability of the closed-loop system is guaranteed by employing robust MPC during the experiment. The problem is then defined as an optimization problem. However, the aforementioned constraints result in a non-convex optimization which is relaxed by using results from graph theory. The proposed technique is evaluated through a numerical example showing that it is an attractive alternative for closed-loop experiment design.
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| 10. |
- Ebadat, Afrooz, et al.
(författare)
-
Multi-room occupancy estimation through adaptive gray-box models
- 2015
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Ingår i: IEEE 54th Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 9781479978861 ; , s. 3705-3711, s. 3705-3711
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We consider the problem of estimating the occupancy level in buildings using indirect information such as CO2 concentrations and ventilation levels. We assume that one of the rooms is temporarily equipped with a device measuring the occupancy. Using the collected data, we identify a gray-box model whose parameters carry information about the structural characteristics of the room. Exploiting the knowledge of the same type of structural characteristics of the other rooms in the building, we adjust the gray-box model to capture the CO2 dynamics of the other rooms. Then the occupancy estimators are designed using a regularized deconvolution approach which aims at estimating the occupancy pattern that best explains the observed CO2 dynamics. We evaluate the proposed scheme through extensive simulation using a commercial software tool, IDA-ICE, for dynamic building simulation.
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