| 1. |
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Blurring the Lines: Market-Driven and Democracy-Driven Freedom of Expression
- 2016
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Blurring the Lines: Market-Driven and Democracy-Driven Freedom of Expression focuses on challenges from the market to free speech and how free speech can be protected, promoted and developed when lines between journalism and advertising are blurred. With contributions from 20 scholars in law, media studies and philosophy, it explores an issue deserving greater attention, market pressures on freedom of expression. The role of commercial constraints on speech, restrictions and control of media content and the responsibility of state institutions in protecting free speech are some of the topics scrutinized from a democratic free speech perspective. (Print and OA) CONTENT: Preface Eva-Maria Svensson, Andrew T. Kenyon, Maria Edström: Introduction: Rethinking Freedom of Expression and Media Freedom. Ulla Carlsson: Opening speech: Freedom of Expression in Transition. A Media Perspective I. FREE SPEECH, THE STATE AND TENSIONS Andrew T. Kenyon:Who, What, Why and How. Questions for Positive Free Speech and Media Systems. Kari Karppinen:Beyond Positive and Negative Conceptions of Free Speech. Hans-Gunnar Axberger: Freedom of Expression as a Public Service. Victor Pickard:Toward a People’s Internet. The Fight for Positive Freedoms in an Age of Corporate Libertarianism. Katharine Sarikakis: Europe’s Many Crises and the Confinement of Democracy-Driven Free Speech. John Morison:The Democratic Dynamics of Government Consultations. Speaking Freely and Listening Properly. II. IN BETWEEN ADVERTISING AND JOURNALISM Justin Lewis: The Commercial Constraints on Speech Limit Democratic Debate. Tamara R. Piety: Killing the Golden Goose. Will Blending Advertising and Editorial Content Diminish the Value of Both? Eva-Maria Svensson: Upholding the Division Between Editorial and Commercial Content in Legislation and Self-Regulation. Fredrik Stiernstedt: Blurring the Boundaries in Practice? Economic, Organisational and Regulatory Barriers Against Native Advertising. Maria Edström: Audience Advertising Fatigue and New Alliances to Finance Content in Broadcasting. Bengt Johansson, Stina Bengtsson: On-Line Life in a Commercialised World. The Commodification of Mediated Social Relations. Crystal Abidin, Mart Ots: Influencers Tell All? Unravelling Authenticity and Credibility in a Brand Scandal. III. RESTRICTIONS AND CONTROL OF MEDIA CONTENT Torbjörn von Krogh: “Self-Regulate, or We Will Regulate Your Content”. Are State Threats of Regulation Threats to Freedom of Speech? Marta Martín-Llaguno: Limiting Market-Driven Freedom of Expression by Regulating Sexist Advertising in Spain. An Evaluation of and Some Shadows from the First Decade. David Brax: Hate Speech and the Distribution of the Costs and Benefits of Freedom of Speech. Magnus Hoem Iversen:Breaking the Ban. The Use of Televised Political Advertising in Norway.
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| 2. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Cultural narratives and representations in Swedish law and media regarding age discrimination
- 2017
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Ingår i: Cultural Narratives, Processes and Strategies in Representations of Age and Aging. Graz, Austria: 27-30 April.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper explores narratives on ageing in age discrimination court cases and how they are represented in media. Sweden is a welfare state, considered good place to grow old, ranked No 3 in Global Agewatch Index 2015. However, Sweden was one of the last countries in EU to adopt legislation against age discrimination. Age has been a ground for discrimination since 2009, and so far very few cases have been brought to action. These cases, together with the media coverage of the cases, and the newspaper reporting on the role of the Discrimination Ombudsman (DO), are the empirical material. The research questions are: -What narratives of age and employment become visible in the texts? -What other factors interacts with age, such as gender, profession and ethnicity? -How does these representations relate to the ongoing challenge to society labour availability for older people and the use/misuse of their human capital and competences? The approach is interdisciplinary and takes its starting point in the capability concept used in the transdisciplinary research platform Centre for Ageing and Health, AgeCap, at the University of Gothenburg. Capability can refer to the individual’s ability to perform actions in order to reach goals he or she has reason to value. Here, in this paper. Focus is on factors on a macro level; application of laws that affect working older people and representations of media of these issues. Together they form narratives of ageing and ageism (i.e. the relation between perceptions of age and discriminatory practices).
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| 3. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Gendered consequences of the commercialisation of freedom of speech
- 2012
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Ingår i: Gardens of Justice, Critical Legal Confernce, Stockholm, 14-16 sept 2012.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gender stereotypes and sex discriminatory images are commonly used in adver¬tising. They are considered to sell. Advertisement is a large part of the content in media, and what is more, commercial messages are to a great extent blurred with editorial messages. With a strengthening of the legal protection for commercial messages the space for gender stereotypes is consolidated. Focus in this paper is gendered consequences of challenges from the market on freedom of speech in the media. With the expression commercialization of freedom of speech we try to capture a process in which commercial interest to communicate commercially is claimed to be a legitimate interest. Commercial messages are framed as com¬mercial speech, and commercial communication is framed as commercial freedom of speech. By doing so, commercial interests are framed as legitimate interests worth protection by law. Commercial speech has a weaker protection in many constitutions, but during the last years we have seen a growing discussion about giving commercials the same protection as other expressions. With a situation in which commercial messages are considered to be speeches worth protecting by law, and in which commercial interests claim more and more of the space for com¬munication in society, we would like to turn the way we understand and think of communication and space for communication up-side-down out of a citizen and a gender-equal-promoting perspective. The claim for what kind of interests should be legitimate interests to protect as part of the right to freedom of speech, have to be reconsidered.
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| 4. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Images Limited. Intersectionality during 20 years in the Swedish media buzz
- 2015
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Ingår i: 4th European Conference on Politic and Gender (ECPG) Uppsala 11-13 june 2015.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The media both produce and reproduce ideas of living and citizenship. They can contribute to stereotyping and discrimination as well as challenge the dominant power structures in society. As the media society develops with more publication platforms, the visual culture has become more important. This paper explores how national media contributes to exclusion/inclusion and feelings of belonging in a transnational world. The focus is on how gender and other grounds for discrimination intersects and creates power structures of visibility, in all genres and on a meta level. A basis for the study is that all types of media matters and stereotypes can have a function as a power instrument, which is manifest in all genres. The empirical study investigates the dominant images of women and men in Swedish mainstream media by analysing content (including fact, fiction and advertising in broadcast and print) from 1994, 2004 and 2014. It contains two levels. The first level is quantitative and examines representation in the largest media outlets in all genres (a total of 34 products) in Sweden during one day. Added to that is the most popular movie, rented film and advertising and public advertising (billboards). (Included variables are social class, age, sexuality, functionality, ethnic background, religious background, minority/majority, etc.) The second level extracts patterns from the representation study and use a qualitative analysis to pinpoint what can be considered gender traits in the media. Hence, we identify stereotypes and visibility structures that we then relate to political discourses/policies concerning diversity and discrimination. The stereotypes are a possible way to combine representation categories and intersectional perspectives. Another dimension is to relate media representation to population statistics. The first report in this project was published in 1994 by University of Gothenburg: Massmediernas enfaldiga typer: Kvinnor och män i mediebruset.
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| 5. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Intersectionality to the rescue? A cross-national analysis of equal opportunities policies and tools in four national contexts
- 2012
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Ingår i: 8th European Feminist Research Conference, Budapest, 17-20 May 2012.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite a common legal framework within EU (and partly also in EFTA) there are differences in national legislation when it comes to gender equality. In Great Britain and Sweden there is no longer separate legislation for equal opportunities. Instead there is a joint Discrimination Act and joint Discrimination Ombudsman encompassing all specifically defined discrimination grounds. In France and Norway there is still a separate legislation, but in Norway there is also a joint Ombudsman. What are the impacts of these different paths for dealing with discrimination in Europe for gender equality? Is gender equality strengthened or the contrary, does a joint discrimination legislation make the discrimination protection and the active measures less efficient? This paper aims to map the development of gender equality in Europe by comparing the different strategies of mainstreaming discrimination in four countries; France, Great Britain, Norway and Sweden. What are the current measures to promote and protect gender equality and how is gender equality related to other grounds for discrimination? Gender mainstreaming as an equality instrument has been encouraged by the UN and EU and since the mid 90-ies. The parallel processes towards joint legislation on discrimination are based on the insight that there are layers of discrimination that demand to be addressed. This is also what feminist theories on intersectionality is emphasising when they argue that different power structures such as age, class and ethnicity interact with gender. Intersectionality could be a way of strengthening gender mainstreaming. But there is also a risk that gender equality is forgotten when other discrimination grounds are focused.
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| 6. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Promoting Gender Equality in Media Content: A Limitation or Extension of Freedom of Expression?
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Handbook on Gender, Communication, and Women's Human Rights, Margaret Gallagher & Aimee Vega Montiel (Eds.). - Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley. - 9781119800682 ; , s. 195-212
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Is promoting gender equality in media content a limitation or an extension of freedom of expression? This question addresses the complicated intertwining of two political values essential in a democratic system. Whereas freedom of expression has long been safeguarded in international and national legal instruments, gender equality was established as a human right more recently. Fulfilling the goal of gender equality in media content through regulation is often perceived as a limitation of freedom of expression by the media industry as well as policymakers. Both self-regulation and regulation through legislation are needed to achieve gender equality in media content when it comes to eliminating gender stereotypes and combating sexist hate speech. Measures to safeguard gender equality in the media should be understood as expanding freedom of expression. It demands a system that goes far beyond protecting the individual right to free speech and the right to freedom from discrimination.
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| 7. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Räkna med Kvinnor! : Global Media Monitoring Project. Nationell rapport Sverige 2010
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Räkna med kvinnor 2010" är en rapportering av de svenska resultaten från den globala nyhetsstudien "Who makes the news?" Det svenska deltagandet i studien är ett samarbete mellan forskare, journalister och aktivister i Göteborg, Stockholm och Örebro. Rapporten är en bearbetning av det svenska nationella data med utgångspunkt i den globala studien. Rapporten innehåller också intervjuer och uppföljningar kring vad som hänt i Sverige sedan 2005 då den förra globala studien gjordes. www.whomakesthenews.org
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| 8. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Trust and values for sale. Market-Driven and Democracy-driven Freedom of Expression
- 2016
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Ingår i: In Carlsson, U. (Ed.) Freedom of Expression and Media in Transition. Studies and Reflections in the Digital Age. - Göteborg : Nordicom. - 9789187957222 ; , s. 67-74
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the common search to safeguard freedom of expression, one aspect has been less discussed than others, commercial influences on free speech. The important distinction between journalism and advertising, emphasized in both legislation and self-regulation, is perceived as a necessary condition for trust and legitimacy for media. This trust is being challenged by new types of content, such as native advertising. Values are also at risk, one example is the reluctance towards limiting gender stereotyping in advertising. The changing media landscape and the different positions and arguments can be analysed by using the conceptual distinction between market-driven and democracy-driven freedom of expression.
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| 9. |
- Kenyon, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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Building and Sustaining Freedom of Expression, Considering Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nordicom Review 2017:1. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1403-1108. ; 38:1, s. 31-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although countries protect and promote freedom of expression in different ways, free speech can be understood to have two basic aspects in democratic constitutional systems: non-censorship and diversity of voices. This article examines how the approach to free speech in Sweden contains both these aspects. Selected comparisons with the US First Amendment, and German broadcasting law, indicate the value in the Swedish approach but also reveal challenges that it faces if free speech’s dual aspects are not clearly recognised – a danger that some contemporary statements suggests is real. Articulating free speech in terms of both non-censorship and diversity may aid Swedish parliamentary processes to uphold important structural aspects of the freedom, but it would also bring into focus larger questions about the limits of parliamentary processes alone in building a viable system of freedom of expression for the future.
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| 10. |
- Kenyon, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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Building Systems for Freedom of Expression in a Digital Era: Considering Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nordmedia Mobile presence-Mobile Modernities.13-15 Aaug. Copenhagen.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- By combining law and media studies this paper considers the challenges posed to freedom of expression in a changing media landscape. When media business models are in a crisis, the regulatory framework is also put under pressure. Policies, legislation and self-regulation have all been developed in accordance with business models based on a division between editorial and commercial content. This division is important for press legitimacy, which relies on independence not only from the state but also from commercial interests. We focus on how to build sustainable democratic regulatory frameworks for the media and consider different roles for the state as non-intervening or active. The goal is a system with a high degree of media independence guaranteeing freedom of expression as a right for individuals and as a common good. Two diverging ideas are relevant here, which in an international context are often framed as negative vs. positive freedom of expression. The negative view is that the state should intervene as little as possible; this view advocates a limitation on government action that restricts speech. The positive view is that the state should do more and be active in supporting freedom of expression; merely not restricting speech is insufficient to create the conditions for the media’s democratic role. Future challenges include how to maintain the division between editorial and commercial content, and who should take responsibility for maintaining the division, the state or the market.
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