| 1. |
- Adolph, Thorsten, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of the dummy response in two different restraint system crash tests
- 2014
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Ingår i: 2014 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings - International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury. ; , s. 545-561
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the European Project FIMCAR, a proposal for a frontal impact test configuration was developed which included an additional full width deformable barrier (FWDB) test. Motivation for the deformable element was partly to measure structural forces as well as to produce a severe crash pulse different from that in the offset test. The objective of this study was to analyse the safety performance of vehicles:in the full width rigid barrier test (FWRB) andin the full width deformable barrier test (FWDB)In total, 12 vehicles were crashed in both configurations. Comparison of these tests to real world accident data was used to identify the crash barrier most representative of real world crashes. For all vehicles, the airbag visible times were later in the FWDB configuration. This was attributed to the attenuation of the initial acceleration peak, observed in FWRB tests, by the addition of the deformable element. These findings were in alignment with airbag triggering times seen in real world crash data. Also, the dummy loadings were slightly worse in FWDB compared to FWRB tests, which is possibly linked to the airbag firing and a more realistic loading of the vehicle crash structures in the FWDB configuration. Evaluations of the lower extremities have shown a general increasing of the tibia index with the crash pulse severity.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Davidsson, Johan, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Development of injury risk functions for use with the THORAX Demonstrator; an updated THOR
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury Conference, IRCOBI 2014; Berlin; Germany; 10 September 2014 through 12 September 2014. - : International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury. ; 14:41, s. 359-376, s. 359-376
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thorax‐shoulder complex of the THOR dummy was updated in the EU‐project THORAX. The new dummy, the THORA demonstrator, was evaluated in several biomechanical test conditions. In this study, selected data from these tests and injury information from the original tests with Post Mortem Human Subjects were used to develop injury risk functions in accordance with the guidelines defined withinISO/TC22/SC12/WG6. This included the use of survival analysis, distribution and quality assessments.The results include draft injury risk functions for three THORAX injury criteria intended for frontal and oblique loading. The maximum peak deflection measurement (Dmax) and a new differential deflection criterion (DcTHOR) were found to have a good injury risk quality index. Furthermore, a new local strain‐based concept, denoted Number of Fractured Ribs (NFR), appeared to be a potentially useful injury criterion as by its nature it is less sensitive to restraint conditions than deflection measures although it had a lower quality index compared with the displacement‐based criteria.
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| 4. |
- Davidsson, Johan, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Set of injury risk curves for different sizes and ages
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When new crash test dummy hardware becomes available it is important to establish howthe measurements taken with that tool relate to a risk of injury. THORAX is a collaborativemedium-scale project under the EC Seventh Framework. It focuses on the reduction andprevention of thoracic injuries. Within the project an improved understanding of thoracicinjury mechanisms has been implemented in an updated design for the thorax-shouldercomplex of the THOR dummy. The new dummy hardware, referred to as the THORAXdemonstrator, has been evaluated in a number of biomechanical test conditions. The datafrom these tests has provided the opportunity to compare those data with injury outcomedata under equivalent loading conditions. This report describes that comparison and theresulting injury risk curves developed.When developing injury risk functions for a new dummy it is common practice to repeat testscarried out with post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) with the crash test dummy. Matcheddummy data and injury records from the PMHS tests are then used in the development ofinjury risk functions. Other approaches involve collection of real world accident events thathave been recreated with the dummy in the laboratory. Both of these approaches have beenadopted in this study.Injury risk functions are commonly developed for the average male in terms of size and age.However, age, gender and size influence the risk of injury for a given crash condition. Crashtest dummies that take these differences into account may be developed in the future.However, as part of the THORAX project advanced scaling methods have been developedthat can be used to modify the injury risk functions to account for gender and different sizes.Thereby the measurements obtained in crash tests with the THORAX demonstrator can beused to predict the risk for other occupant categories than those that are close to the averagemale.By providing the automotive industry with a superior crash test dummy, the new THORAXdemonstrator, associated injury risk functions and scaling techniques it is expected thatimproved restraint systems will be developed that lead to a reduction of chest injuries.
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| 5. |
- Lemmen, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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An Advanced Thorax-Shoulder Design for the THOR Dummy
- 2013
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Ingår i: 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV),Soul, Korea.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Thoracic injuries are one of the main causes of fatallyand severely injured casualties in car crashes.Advances in restraint system technology and airbagsmay be needed to address this problem; however, thecrash test dummies available today for studying theseinjuries have limitations that prevent them frombeing able to demonstrate the benefits of suchinnovations. THORAX-FP7 was a collaborativemedium scale project under the European SeventhFramework. It focused on the mitigation andprevention of thoracic injuries through an improvedunderstanding of the thoracic injury mechanisms andthe implementation of this understanding in anupdated design for the thorax-shoulder complex ofthe THOR dummy. The updated dummy shouldenable the design and evaluation of advancedrestraint systems for a wide variety (gender, age andsize) of car occupants.The hardware development involved five steps:1) Identification of the dominant thoracic injury typesfrom field data, 2) Specification of biomechanicalrequirements, 3) Identification of injury parametersand necessary instrumentation, 4) Dummy hardwaredevelopment and 5) Evaluation of the demonstratordummy.The activities resulted in the definition of newbiofidelity and instrumentation requirements for anupdated thorax-shoulder complex. Prototype versionswere realised and implemented in three THORdummies for biomechanical evaluation testing. Thispaper documents the hardware developments andbiomechanical evaluation testing carried out.
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| 7. |
- Mroz, K., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of adaptive belt restraint systems for the protection of elderly occupants in frontal impacts
- 2018
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Ingår i: Conference proceedings International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, IRCOBI. - 2235-3151. ; 2018-September, s. 60-75
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- © CURRAN-CONFERENCE. All rights reserved. The effect of belt configuration, load limiting and pretensioning on the protection of elderly occupants was evaluated using the THOR ATD and the human body model THUMS TUC in frontal impacts at 35 km/h and 56 km/h. In total, 18 sled tests were carried out in a generic buck, which comprised of a seat-belt, a rigid seat and a generic driver airbag. The multipoint injury criteria Rmax and PCA score were derived from THOR IR-TRACC deflections and used to assess the thoracic injury risk for elderly occupants. For a 65-year-old occupant in 35 km/h, a reduction in Rmax-based AIS3+ chest injury risk from 62% to 2% was obtained for the criss-cross belt compared to a 4 kN load limited belt, and a reduction to 14% for a two-retractor belt and to 17% for a split-buckle belt. In 56 km/h, reduction in AIS3+ chest injury risk from 96% to 23%, 76% and 43% was obtained for the corresponding belt systems. Similar reductions in chest injury risk were obtained for the PCA measure. For the THUMS model, risk of fractured ribs reduced from 74% to 0% for the criss-cross system compared to a 4 kN load limited belt in 35 km/h.
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