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- Burgos, CM, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal Risk Factors and Perinatal Characteristics in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Fetal diagnosis and therapy. - : S. Karger AG. - 1421-9964 .- 1015-3837. ; 46:6, s. 385-391
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <b><i>Background:</i></b> The etiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains poorly understood. We hypothesize that environmental factors play an important role in the development of CDH. <b><i>Aim:</i></b> The objective of this study was to investigate associated maternal risk factors in pregnancies with CDH. <b><i>Material and Methods:</i></b> The study was a nationwide, population-based prospective case-control study consisting of a cohort of newborn children entered into the records of pregnant women receiving antenatal care in Sweden, registered in the Medical Birth Registry during the period from January 1, 1982 to December 31, 2015. The study outcome CDH and the different exposures were assessed through linkage to the Swedish National Patient Registry for both cases and mothers. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 972 cases of CDH were registered into one of the national registries in Sweden between 1982 and 2015. The incidence of neonates with CDH in Sweden from 1982 to 2015 was 3/10,000 live births. The mortality rate during the study period was 31%. Maternal age, ethnicity, parity, exposure to tobacco, BMI, IVF, previous history of spontaneous abortion or intrauterine fetal demise, and coexisting chronic diseases (urinary tract infection, chronic renal disease, pregestational diabetes, epilepsy, asthma, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, or systemic lupus erythematous) were not associated with an increased risk of CDH in the fetus. There was a significant association between maternal hypertension and the risk of the child being affected by CDH (OR 3.32, 95% CI 1.41–7.79, <i>p</i> = 0.01). No association was found between preeclampsia and CDH. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Pregestational hypertension is associated with an increased risk of giving birth to a baby with CDH, but no association was observed in pregnancies developing preeclampsia and the occurrence of CDH.
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- Ehren, M. C. M., et al.
(författare)
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Comparing effects and side effects of different school inspection systems across Europe
- 2015
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Ingår i: Comparative Education. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0305-0068 .- 1360-0486. ; 51:3, s. 375-400
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, different inspection models are compared in terms of their impact on school improvement and the mechanisms each of these models generates to have such an impact. Our theoretical framework was drawn from the programme theories of six countries’ school inspection systems (i.e. the Netherlands, England, Sweden, Ireland, the province of Styria in Austria and the Czech Republic). We describe how inspection models differ in the scheduling and frequency of visits (using a differentiated or cyclical approach), the evaluation of process and/or output standards, and the consequences of visits, and how these models lead to school improvement through the setting of expectations, the use of performance feedback and actions of the school's stakeholders. These assumptions were tested by means of a survey of principals in primary and secondary schools in these countries (n=2239). The data analysis followed a three-step approach: (1) confirmatory factor analyses, (2) path modelling and (3) fitting of multiple-indicator multiple-cause models. The results indicate that Inspectorates of Education that use a differentiated model (in addition to regular visits), in which they evaluate both educational practices and outcomes of schools and publicly report inspection findings of individual schools, are the most effective. These changes seem to be mediated by improvements in the schools’ self-evaluations and the schools' stakeholders’ awareness of the findings in the public inspection reports. However, differentiated inspections also lead to unintended consequences as principals report on narrowing the curriculum and on discouraging teachers from experimenting with new teaching methods.
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- Gustafsson, Jan-Eric, 1949, et al.
(författare)
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From inspection to quality: Ways in which school inspection influences change in schools
- 2015
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Ingår i: Studies in Educational Evaluation. - 0191-491X. ; 47, s. 47-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inspection is employed by most European education systems as an instrument for controlling and promoting the quality of schools. Yet there is little research knowledge about how inspection drives the improvement of schools. The study reports on surveys to principals in primary and secondary education in six European countries to attempt to clarify how school inspection impacts on the improvement of schools. Based on an analysis of principals’ perceptions the evidence suggests that inspection primarily drives change indirectly, through encouraging certain developmental processes, rather than through more direct coercive methods. Inspectorates that set clear expectations and standards have an impact on the increased utilization of self-evaluation and on developing the capacity of schools to improve in a variety of ways.
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