| 1. |
- Birze, Arija, et al.
(författare)
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Gender in the Flesh : Allostatic Load as the Embodiment of Stressful, Gendered Work in Canadian Police Communicators
- 2023
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Ingår i: Work, Employment and Society. - : Sage Publications Ltd. - 0950-0170 .- 1469-8722. ; 37:5, s. 1299-1320
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gender and work are important social determinants of health, yet studies of health inequities related to the gendered and emotional intricacies of work are rare. Occupations high in emotional labour - a known job stressor - are associated with ill-health and typically dominated by women. Little is known about the mechanisms linking health with these emotional components of work. Using physiological and questionnaire data from Canadian police communicators, we adopt an embodied approach to understanding the relationship between gender norm conformity, emotional labour, and physiological dysregulation, or allostatic load. For high conformers, emotional labour leaves gendered traces in the flesh via increased allostatic load, suggesting that in this way, gendered structures in the workplace become embodied, influencing health through conformity to gender and emotion norms. Findings also reveal that dichotomous conceptions of gender may mask the impact of gendered structures, obscuring the consequences of gender for work-related stress.
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| 2. |
- Birze, Arija, et al.
(författare)
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The "Managed" or Damaged Heart? Emotional Labor, Gender, and Posttraumatic Stressors Predict Workplace Event-Related Acute Changes in Cortisol, Oxytocin, and Heart Rate Variability
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 1664-1078. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vital to the everyday operation of police services, police communicators (911 call-takers and dispatchers) are persistently subject to imminent challenges in the workplace; they must always be prepared to engage and deal with a wide variety of circumstances that provoke various intense emotions and physiological stress responses. Acute changes in cortisol, oxytocin, and heart rate variability are central to adaptive responses in stressful complex social interactions, but they might also be indicative of physiological dysregulation due to long-term psychosocial stress exposures. Thus, we examine acute stress-induced release of peripheral oxytocin and cortisol along with changes in heart rate variability, and how each relates to persistent workplace stressors and symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Findings indicate chronic forms of gendered workplace stress such as emotional labor, gender role stress and, posttraumatic stress each have differential associations with, and predict physiological responses to, acutely stressful events in the workplace. These associations suggest potential mechanisms through which communicators become more vulnerable to developing stress-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress injuries, especially after cumulative traumatic exposures in this context. The results also suggest potential pathways for the biological embedding of stressful gendered workplace experiences.
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| 3. |
- Brown, Alana, et al.
(författare)
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Sex and gender science : The world writes on the body
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sex differences in brain function and dysfunction. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031267222 - 9783031267253 - 9783031267239 ; , s. 3-25
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sex and Gender Science seeks to better acknowledge that the body cannot be removed from the world it inhabits. We believe that to best answer any neuroscience question, the biological and the social need to be addressed through both objective means to learn, “how it is like” and subjective means to learn, “what it is like.” We call bringing the biological and social together, “Situated Neuroscience” and the mixing of approaches to do so, Very Mixed Methods. Taken together, they constitute an approach to Sex and Gender Science. In this chapter, we describe neural phenomena for which considering sex and gender together produces a fuller knowledge base: sleep, pain, memory, and concussion. For these brain phenomena examples, studying only quantitative measures does not reveal the full impact of these lived experiences on the brain but studying only the qualitative would not reveal how the brain responds. We discuss how Sex and Gender Science allows us to begin to bring together biology and its social context and acknowledge where context can contribute to resolving ignorance to offer more expansive, complementary, and interrelating pictures of an intricate neuro-landscape.
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| 4. |
- Brown, Alana, et al.
(författare)
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Sex and Gender Science : The World Writes on the Body.
- 2023. - 1
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Ingår i: Sex Differences in Brain Function and Dysfunction. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031267222 - 9783031267253 - 9783031267239 ; , s. 3-25
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sex and Gender Science seeks to better acknowledge that the body cannot be removed from the world it inhabits. We believe that to best answer any neuroscience question, the biological and the social need to be addressed through both objective means to learn, "how it is like" and subjective means to learn, "what it is like." We call bringing the biological and social together, "Situated Neuroscience" and the mixing of approaches to do so, Very Mixed Methods. Taken together, they constitute an approach to Sex and Gender Science. In this chapter, we describe neural phenomena for which considering sex and gender together produces a fuller knowledge base: sleep, pain, memory, and concussion. For these brain phenomena examples, studying only quantitative measures does not reveal the full impact of these lived experiences on the brain but studying only the qualitative would not reveal how the brain responds. We discuss how Sex and Gender Science allows us to begin to bring together biology and its social context and acknowledge where context can contribute to resolving ignorance to offer more expansive, complementary, and interrelating pictures of an intricate neuro-landscape.
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| 5. |
- Brown, Alana, et al.
(författare)
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Sex and menstrual cycle influence human spatial navigation strategies and performance
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PORTFOLIO. - 2045-2322. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Which facets of human spatial navigation do sex and menstrual cycle influence? To answer this question, a cross-sectional online study of reproductive age women and men was conducted in which participants were asked to demonstrate and self-report their spatial navigation skills and strategies. Participants self-reported their sex and current menstrual phase [early follicular (EF), late follicular/periovulatory (PO), and mid/late luteal (ML)], and completed a series of questionnaires and tasks measuring self-reported navigation strategy use, topographical memory, cognitive map formation, face recognition, and path integration. We found that sex influenced self-reported use of cognitive map- and scene-based strategies, face recognition, and path integration. Menstrual phase moderated the influence of sex: compared to men, women had better face recognition and worse path integration, but only during the PO phase; PO women were also better at path integration in the presence of a landmark compared to EF+ML women and men. These findings provide evidence that human spatial navigation varies with the menstrual cycle and suggest that sensitivity of the entorhinal cortex and longitudinal axis of the hippocampus to differential hormonal effects may account for this variation.
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| 6. |
- Brown, Alana, et al.
(författare)
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Womens Brain Health: Midlife Ovarian Removal Affects Associative Memory
- 2023
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Ingår i: Molecular Neurobiology. - : SPRINGER. - 0893-7648 .- 1559-1182. ; 60:11, s. 6145-6159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Women with early bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO; removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes) have greater Alzheimers disease (AD) risk than women in spontaneous/natural menopause (SM), but early biomarkers of this risk are not well-characterized. Considering associative memory deficits may presage preclinical AD, we wondered if one of the earliest changes might be in associative memory and whether younger women with BSO had changes similar to those observed in SM. Women with BSO (with and without 17 & beta;-estradiol replacement therapy (ERT)), their age-matched premenopausal controls (AMC), and older women in SM completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging face-name associative memory task shown to predict early AD. Brain activation during encoding was compared between groups: AMC (n=25), BSO no ERT (BSO; n=15), BSO+ERT (n=16), and SM without hormone therapy (n=16). Region-of-interest analyses revealed AMC did not contribute to functional group differences. BSO+ERT had higher hippocampal activation than BSO and SM. This hippocampal activation correlated positively with urinary metabolite levels of 17 & beta;-estradiol. Multivariate partial least squares analyses showed BSO+ERT had a different network-level activation pattern than BSO and SM. Thus, despite being approximately 10 years younger, women with BSO without ERT had similar brain function to those with SM, suggesting early 17 & beta;-estradiol loss may lead to an altered functional brain phenotype which could influence late-life AD risk, making face-name encoding a potential biomarker for midlife women with increased AD risk. Despite similarities in activation, BSO and SM groups showed opposite within-hippocampus connectivity, suggesting menopause type is an important consideration when assessing brain function.
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| 7. |
- Calvo, Noelia, et al.
(författare)
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Steroid hormones: risk and resilience in womens Alzheimer disease
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 1663-4365. ; 15
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- More women have Alzheimer disease (AD) than men, but the reasons for this phenomenon are still unknown. Including women in clinical research and studying their biology is key to understand not just their increased risk but also their resilience against the disease. In this sense, women are more affected by AD than men, but their reserve or resilience mechanisms might delay symptom onset. The aim of this review was to explore what is known about mechanisms underlying womens risk and resilience in AD and identify emerging themes in this area that merit further research. We conducted a review of studies analyzing molecular mechanisms that may induce neuroplasticity in women, as well as cognitive and brain reserve. We also analyzed how the loss of steroid hormones in aging may be linked to AD. We included empirical studies with human and animal models, literature reviews as well as meta-analyses. Our search identified the importance of 17-b-estradiol (E2) as a mechanism driving cognitive and brain reserve in women. More broadly, our analysis revealed the following emerging perspectives: (1) the importance of steroid hormones and their effects on both neurons and glia for the study of risk and resilience in AD, (2) E2s crucial role in womens brain reserve, (3) womens verbal memory advantage as a cognitive reserve factor, and (4) E2s potential role in linguistic experiences such as multilingualism and hearing loss. Future directions for research include analyzing the reserve mechanisms of steroid hormones on neuronal and glial plasticity, as well as identifying the links between steroid hormone loss in aging and risk for AD.
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| 8. |
- Demir, Melisa, et al.
(författare)
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Where boys dont dance, but women still thrive : using a development approach as a means of reconciling the right to health with the legitimization of cultural practices
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMC International Health and Human Rights. - : BioMed Central. - 1472-698X. ; 20:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human rights language has become a common method of internationally denouncing violent, discriminatory or otherwise harmful practices, notably by framing them as reprehensible violations of those fundamental rights we obtain by virtue of being human. While often effective, such womens rights discourse becomes delicate when used to challenge practices, which are of important cultural significance to the communities in which they are practiced. This paper analyses human rights language to challenge the gender disparity in access to health care and in overall health outcomes in certain countries where such disparities are influenced by important cultural values and practices. This paper will provide selected examples ofmachismoandmarianismodiscourses in certain Latin American countries on the one hand and of female genital cutting/excision (FGC/E) in practicing countries, both of which exposed to womens rights language, notably for causing violations of womens right to health. In essence, a reflective exercise is provided here with the argument that framing such discourses and practices as womens rights violations. Calling for their abandonment have shown that it may not only be ineffective nor at times appropriate, it also risks delegitimizing associated discourses, norms and practices thereby enhancing criticisms of the womens rights movement rather than adopting its principles. A sensitive community-based collaborative approach aimed at understanding and building cultural discourses to one, which promotes womens capabilities and health, is proposed as a more effective means at bridging cultural and gender gaps.
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