| 1. |
- Bell, Thomas J., et al.
(författare)
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PAIR technology : exon-specific RNA binding protein isolation in live cells
- 2011
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Ingår i: Cell-penetrating peptides. - New York : Humana Press. - 9781607619185 - 9781607619192 ; , s. 473-486
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are fundamental regulatory proteins for all forms of transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of gene expression. However, isolating RBPs is technically challenging for investigators. Currently, the most widely used techniques to isolate RBPs are in vitro biochemical approaches. Although these approaches have been useful, they have several limitations. One key limitation to using in vitro biochemical approaches is that RBP–RNA interactions are isolated under nonbiological conditions. Here we review a novel experimental approach to identify RBPs called peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-assisted identification of RBPs (PAIR) technology (Zielinski et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:1557–1562, 2006). This technology has two significant advantages over traditional approaches. (1) It overcomes the in vitro limitation of biochemical approaches by allowing investigators to isolate RBP–RNA interactions under in vivo conditions. (2) This technology is highly mRNA specific; it isolates RBPs in an exon-specific manner. By selectively targeting alternatively spliced exons with PAIR technology, investigators can isolate splice variant-specific and mRNA region-specific (5-UTR and 3-UTR) RBP complexes for any mRNA of interest.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Dehghan, Abbas, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-Wide Association Study for Incident Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Heart Disease in Prospective Cohort Studies : The CHARGE Consortium
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Data are limited on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for incident coronary heart disease (CHD). Moreover, it is not known whether genetic variants identified to date also associate with risk of CHD in a prospective setting. Methods We performed a two-stage GWAS analysis of incident myocardial infarction (MI) and CHD in a total of 64,297 individuals (including 3898 MI cases, 5465 CHD cases). SNPs that passed an arbitrary threshold of 5x10(-6) in Stage I were taken to Stage II for further discovery. Furthermore, in an analysis of prognosis, we studied whether known SNPs from former GWAS were associated with total mortality in individuals who experienced MI during follow-up. Results In Stage I 15 loci passed the threshold of 5x10(-6); 8 loci for MI and 8 loci for CHD, for which one locus overlapped and none were reported in previous GWAS meta-analyses. We took 60 SNPs representing these 15 loci to Stage II of discovery. Four SNPs near QKI showed nominally significant association with MI (p-value<8.8x10(-3)) and three exceeded the genome-wide significance threshold when Stage I and Stage II results were combined (top SNP rs6941513: p = 6.2x10(-9)). Despite excellent power, the 9p21 locus SNP (rs1333049) was only modestly associated with MI (HR = 1.09, p-value = 0.02) and marginally with CHD (HR = 1.06, p-value = 0.08). Among an inception cohort of those who experienced MI during follow-up, the risk allele of rs1333049 was associated with a decreased risk of subsequent mortality (HR = 0.90, p-value = 3.2x10(-3)). Conclusions QKI represents a novel locus that may serve as a predictor of incident CHD in prospective studies. The association of the 9p21 locus both with increased risk of first myocardial infarction and longer survival after MI highlights the importance of study design in investigating genetic determinants of complex disorders.
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| 4. |
- Eiríksdóttir, Emelía, et al.
(författare)
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An improved synthesis of releasable luciferin-CPP conjugates
- 2009
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Ingår i: Tetrahedron Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-4039 .- 1359-8562. ; 50:33, s. 4731-4733
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have improved the synthesis of a previously published luciferin-linker, used in an assay enabling rapid real-time quantification of luciferin–CPP conjugate uptake and cytosolic cargo release. We also present the synthesis of a new luciferin-linker with the same conjugation ability. Both luciferin-linkers are now available via an efficient one-pot procedure.
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| 5. |
- Eiríksdóttir, Emelía, et al.
(författare)
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Cellular Internalization Kinetics of (Luciferin-)Cell-Penetrating Peptide Conjugates
- 2010
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Ingår i: Bioconjugate chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1043-1802 .- 1520-4812. ; 21:9, s. 1662-1672
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) belong to a class of delivery vectors that have been extensively used for the cellular delivery of various, otherwise impermeable, macromolecules. However, results on the cellular internalization efficacy of CPPs obtained from various laboratories are sometimes challenging to compare because of differences in the experimental setups. Here, for the first time, the cellular uptake kinetics of eight well-established CPPs is compared in HeLa pLuc 705 cells using a recently published releasable luciferin assay. Using this assay, the kinetic behavior of cytosolic entry of these luciferin-CPP conjugates are registered in real time. Our data reveal that the uptake rate of CPPs reaches its maximum either in seconds or in tens of minutes, depending on the CPP used. Tat and higher concentrations of MAP and TP10 display fast internalization profiles that resemble the kinetic profile of membrane-permeable free luciferin. The uptake of the other peptides, pVec, penetratin, M918, and EB I, is much slower and is consistent with the reported observations of endocytosis being the predominant internalization mechanism. Additionally, to some extent, the latter CPPs can be clustered into subgroups which are based on time points when the most pronounced uptake rates are observed. This may indicate once more involvement of various (concentration dependent) mechanisms in the uptake of CPPs. In summary, the variances in the internalization profiles for the CPPs demonstrate the importance of measuring kinetics instead of only relying on simple end-point studies, and with the luciferin CPP assay, more lucid information can be retrieved when studying the internalization mechanisms of CPPs.
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| 6. |
- Eiríksdóttir, Emelía, et al.
(författare)
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Cellular Uptake of Cell-Penetrating Peptides
- 2004
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Ingår i: Drug Design Reviews - Online. - : Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.. - 1567-2697. ; 1:2, s. 161-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellular machinery is protected from the surrounding by two-layer lipid membrane that is impermeable for most substances unnecessary for cellular metabolism. Unfortunately, from a cellular point of view, most new generation drugs, designed to act on gene regulation and transcription, are also considered to be unnecessary for metabolism and therefore showing poor, if any, intracellular localization. To overcome this obstacle, several chemical and physical methods have been developed, improving the uptake, but, on the other hand, also showing some unwanted side effects or limitations for in vivo applications. This dictates the continuing need for improved drug delivery and one way seems to be the relatively new class of compounds – cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). Discovered approximately a decade ago, the content of this class is growing rapidly, containing now more than 100 compounds, which shows the intensity of work in this field. CPPs have already been shown to translocate cellular membranes in an unknown, seemingly receptor-independent and non-endocytotic manner. Moreover, they are able to deliver cargoes exceeding their own size up to 100-fold into a cellular milieu both in vitro and in vivo. The variety of different cargoes includes, but is not limited to: DNA, antisense PNA, oligonucleotides and small proteins. Recent data argues though that endocytosis is involved and contributes in some cases to the main part of the translocation. This review summarizes data on mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides.
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| 7. |
- Eiríksdóttir, Emelía, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Secondary Structure of Cell-Penetrating Peptides Controls Membrane Interaction and Insertion
- 2010
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Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes. - : Elsevier BV. - 0005-2736 .- 1879-2642. ; 1798:6, s. 1119-1128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The clinical use of efficient therapeutic agents is often limited by the poor permeability of the biological membranes. In order to enhance their cell delivery, short amphipathic peptides called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been intensively developed for the last two decades. CPPs are based either on protein transduction domains, model peptide or chimeric constructs and have been used to deliver cargoes into cells through either covalent or non-covalent strategies. Although several parameters are simultaneously involved in their internalization mechanism, recent focuses on CPPs suggested that structural properties and interactions with membrane phospholipids could play a major role in the cellular uptake mechanism. In the present work, we report a comparative analysis of the structural plasticity of 10 well-known CPPs as well as their ability to interact with phospholipid membranes. We propose a new classification of CPPs based on their structural properties, affinity for phospholipids and internalization pathways already reported in the literature.
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| 8. |
- Eiríksdóttir, Emelía, 1976-
(författare)
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Structures, toxicity and internalization of cell-penetrating peptides
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cellular internalization is a highly regulated process controlled by proteins in the plasma membrane. Large and hydrophilic compounds, in particular, face difficulties conquering the plasma membrane barrier in order to gain access to intracellular environment. This puts serious constrains on the drug industry since many drugs are hydrophilic. Several methods aiming at aiding the cellular internalization of otherwise impermeable compounds have therefore been developed. One such class, so-called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), emerged around twenty years ago. This group constitutes hundreds of peptides that have shown a remarkable ability in translocating diverse molecules, ranging from small molecules to large proteins, over the cell membrane. The internalization mechanism of CPPs has been questioned ever since the first peptides were discovered. Initially, the consensus in the field was direct translocation but endocytosis has gradually gained ground. The confusion and the disunity within this research field through the years proceeds from divergent results between research groups that hamper comparison of the peptides.This thesis aims at characterizing several well-established CPPs with comprehensive studies on cellular toxicity, secondary structure and cellular internalization kinetics.The results demonstrate that CPPs act in general in a low or non-toxic way, but the apparent toxicity is both peptide- and cell line-dependent. Structural studies show that the CPPs have a diverse polymorphic behavior ranging from random coil to structured β-sheet or α-helix, depending on the environment. The ability to change secondary structure could be the key to the internalization property of the CPPs. Internalization kinetic studies of CPP conjugates reveal two sorts of internalization profiles, either fast curves that cease in few minutes or slow curves that peak in tens of minutes. Furthermore, improved synthesis of CPP conjugates is demonstrated.In conclusion, the studies in this thesis provide useful information about cytotoxicity and structural diversity of CPPs, and emphasize the importance of kinetic measurements over end-point studies in order to give better insights into the internalization mechanisms of CPPs.
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| 9. |
- Lindgren, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Overcoming methotrexate resistance in breast cancer tumour cells by the use of a new cell-penetrating peptide
- 2006
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Ingår i: Biochemical Pharmacology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-2952 .- 1356-1839. ; 71:4, s. 416-425
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Resistance to chemotherapy limits the effectiveness of anti-cancer drug treatment. Here, we present a new approach to overcome the setback of drug resistance by designing a conjugate of a cell-penetrating peptide and the cytostatic agent methotrexate (MTX). Two different peptides, YTA2 and YTA4, were designed and their intracellular delivery efficiency was characterized by fluorescence microscopy and quantified by fluorometry. MTX was conjugated to the transport peptides and the ability of the peptide–MTX conjugates to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase, the target enzyme of MTX, was found to be 15 and 20 times less potent than MTX. In addition, in vitro studies were performed in a drug resistant cell model using the 100-fold MTX resistant breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. At a concentration of 1 mM, the peptide–MTX conjugates were shown to overcome MTX resistance and kill the cells more efficiently than MTX alone. Estimated EC50’s were determined for MTX, MTXYTA2 and YTA2 to be 18.5, 3.8 and 20 µM, respectively. In summary, cell-penetrating peptide conjugation of MTX is a new way of increasing delivery, and thereby, the potency of already well-characterized therapeutic molecules into drug resistant tumour cells.
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| 10. |
- Maeger, Imre, et al.
(författare)
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The role of endocytosis on the uptake kinetics of luciferin-conjugated cell-penetrating peptides
- 2012
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Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes. - : Elsevier BV. - 0005-2736 .- 1879-2642. ; 1818:3, s. 502-511
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short cationic/amphipathic peptides that can be used to deliver a variety of cargos into cells. However, it is still debated which routes CPPs employ to gain access to intracellular compartments. To assess this, most previously conducted studies have relied on information which is gained by using fluorescently labeled CPPs. More relevant information whether the internalized conjugates are biologically available has been gathered using end-point assays with biological readouts. Uptake kinetic studies have shed even more light on the matter because the arbitrary choice of end-point might have profound effect how the results could be interpreted. To elucidate uptake mechanisms of CPPs, here we have used a bioluminescence based assay to measure cytosolic delivery kinetics of luciferin-CPP conjugates in the presence of endocytosis inhibitors. The results suggest that these conjugates are delivered into cytosol mainly via macropinocytosis; clathrin-mediated endocytosis and caveolae/lipid raft dependent endocytosis are involved in a smaller extent. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the involved endocytic routes and internalization kinetic profiles can depend on conjugate concentration in case of certain peptides, but not in case of others. The employed internalization route, however, likely dictates the intracellular fate and subsequent trafficking of internalized ligands, therefore emphasizing the importance of our novel findings for delivery vector development.
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