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| 2. |
- Mersiowsky, I., et al.
(författare)
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Fate of plasticised PVC products under landfill conditions : A laboratory-scale landfill simulation reactor study
- 2001
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Ingår i: Water Research. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 35:13, s. 3063-3070
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The long-term behaviour of plasticised PVC products was investigated in laboratory-scale landfill simulation reactors. The examined products included a cable material and a flooring with different combinations of plasticisers. The objective of the study was to assess whether a degradation of the PVC polymer or a loss of plasticisers occurred under landfill conditions. A degradation of the polymer matrix was not observed. The contents of plasticisers in aged samples was determined and compared to the respective original products. The behaviour of the various plasticisers was found to differ significantly. Losses of DEHP and BBP from the flooring were too low for analytical quantification. No loss of DIDP from the cable was detectable, whereas DINA in the same product showed considerable losses of up to 70% compared to the original contents. These deficits were attributable to biodegradation rather than leaching. There was no equivalent release of plasticisers into the leachate. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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| 4. |
- Mersiowsky, I, et al.
(författare)
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Screening for organotin compounds in European landfill leachates
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 30:5, s. 1604-1611
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As industrial chemicals, organotin compounds are predominantly applied as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) stabilizer, and biocides. They are widely encountered in environmental samples and may be introduced into landfills by disposal of municipal solid waste or sewage sludge. In the present study, leachate samples were obtained from several sanitary landfill sites in Sweden, Italy, and Germany. These samples were analyzed by means of a highly sensitive and species-selective method for methyltin, butyltin, and octyltin species. In total, twelve samples from eight different landfill sites at various ages were investigated. The findings of all target compounds range between less than the limit of detection at 0.1 mug/L and, at maximum, 4 mug/L. Only octyltin compounds can be attributed to PVC products with any certainty, whereas for methyltin and butyltin compounds alternative and less distinct sources exist. Organotin compounds are subject to microbial transformation, such as dealkylation and methylation processes. Consequently, caution should be exercised when attributing findings to potential sources and deriving any predicted environmental concentrations.
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| 5. |
- Moestedt, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of trace element addition on process stability during anaerobic co-digestion of OFMSW and slaughterhouse waste
- 2016
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 47:Pt A, s. 11-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study used semi-continuous laboratory scale biogas reactors to simulate the effects of trace-element addition in different combinations, while degrading the organic fraction of municipal solid waste and slaughterhouse waste. The results show that the combined addition of Fe, Co and Ni was superior to the addition of only Fe, Fe and Co or Fe and Ni. However, the addition of only Fe resulted in a more stable process than the combined addition of Fe and Co, perhaps indicating a too efficient acidogenesis and/or homoacetogenesis in relation to a Ni-deprived methanogenic population. The results were observed in terms of higher biogas production (+9%), biogas production rates (+35%) and reduced VFA concentration for combined addition compared to only Fe and Ni. The higher stability was supported by observations of differences in viscosity, intraday WA-and biogas kinetics as well as by the 16S rRNA gene and 16S rRNA of the methanogens.(c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Nielsen, A.T., et al.
(författare)
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Hydrogen production from organic waste
- 2001
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Ingår i: International journal of hydrogen energy. - 0360-3199 .- 1879-3487. ; 26:6, s. 547-550
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The extraction of pure hydrogen from the fermentation of household waste by a mixed anaerobic bacterial flora is demonstrated. Simulated household waste (600 g) was fermented in a bioreactor, which was continuously sparged with nitrogen (30 ml/min) fed in from the bottom. The gas stream from the biorector passes through a sulphide trap (ZnO) and then through a heated palladium-silver membrane reactor to separate hydrogen from the gas stream. In this way, waste remediation and biological hydrogen production is combined in a process where a large proportion of the hydrogen produced can be collected, free of other gaseous species from the fermentation. © 2001 International Association for Hydrogen Energy.
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| 7. |
- Vavilin, V.A., et al.
(författare)
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Modelling MSW decomposition under landfill conditions considering hydrolytic and methanogenic inhibition
- 2006
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Ingår i: Biodegradation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0923-9820 .- 1572-9729. ; 17:5, s. 389-402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A landfill typically progresses through a series of microbial degradation phases, in which hydrolysis, production and consumption of fermentation products, such as fatty acids, and methane formation play important roles. For ultimate degradation of the waste, stable methanogenic conditions have to be attained, and maintained for sufficient time. Using experimental data from 100-L landfill simulation reactors containing municipal solid waste from a residential area, a distributed model, which accounts for vertical water flow, was developed. As a first step, the waste was divided into two fractions: readily degradable and recalcitrant waste. Secondly, the general hydrolysis of the recalcitrant waste was accounted for by including a specific, well-defined chemical substance in the model that generally occurs in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and is hydrolysed before its further degradation to methane. For this purpose we chose diethyl phthalate and its hydrolysis product monoethyl phthalate, for which leachate data are available from the reactors. The model indicated that inhibition of the hydrolytic and methanogenic processes occurred during the acidogenic phase and that it could be overcome either by improving the chemical environment or by the complete oxidation of the inhibiting, i.e. the easily degraded, fraction of the waste. The generality of the model was confirmed by the patterns of the phthalate di- and monoester transformations obtained. The validity of the model was further confirmed using experimental data from parallel reactors, which were subjected to either leachate exchange with an already methanogenic reactor or to initial aeration to force the reactor into stable methanogenic conditions. © Springer 2006.
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