| 1. |
- Ekheimer, Patrik, 1975
(författare)
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Hur teknik blev ett eget ämne i skolan
- 2013
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Ingår i: Respons : recensionstidskrift för humaniora & samhällsvetenskap. - 2001-2292. ; 2013:5, s. 72-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
- Ekheimer, Patrik, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Hylte Bruk
- 2012
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Ingår i: Papper och massa i Skåne, Halland, Blekinge och Gotland. - 9789163376429 ; , s. 172-215
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Ekheimer, Patrik, 1975
(författare)
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Klor-alkaliindustrin
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nordisk Pappershistorisk Tidskrift. - 1101-2056. ; 41:4, s. 8-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
- Ekheimer, Patrik, 1975
(författare)
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Klorkartellen
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of this thesis is to describe the history of the Swedish chlor-alkali industry. The chlor-alkali industry produces chlorine and alkali by electrolytic de-composition of ordinary salt solution (brine). This process generates chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) in the fixed ratio 1 to 1.13. Therefore, the chlor-alkali industry needs to balance its production so that these substances will be sup-plied in fixed proportions. This problem of balance also complicates the formation of chlorine and alkali.The Swedish chlor-alkali producers conducted collaboration in form of a mutual cartel between 1944 and 1993. One reason was to manage the problem of balance. Another was to regulate the sale and to form a larger market. Since it is difficult and dangerous to store and transport chlorine, there was also a desire to optimise the logistics. Mercury and asbestos have been widely used in the manufacture of chlorine. Chlorine has also been used to bleach pulp and to manufacture PVC. Hence, industrial production and use of chlorine is associated with multiple envi-ronmental problems.This thesis has been structured around three issues: balance problem; economical problems and cartel activities; and environmental problems. The primary informa-tion covers acts from business archives, special periodicals and official documents.Until the Second World War, Sweden had shortage of both chlorine and alkali. After the war there was relative good balance between production and consump-tion until the end of the 1950s, but from 1961, Sweden has had a great shortage of sodium hydroxide. In general, Sweden has also had a surplus of chlorine, therefore, large quantities of chlorine were exported to East Germany between 1958 and 1990. The Swedish pulp and paper industry stopped using chlorine for bleaching in the beginning of the 1990s, resulting in a sharp distortion of the chlor-alkali balance and closure of several Swedish chlor-alkali plants.
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| 5. |
- Ekheimer, Patrik, 1975
(författare)
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Kvicksilver, klor och PVC - en kritiserad men lönsam affär
- 2008
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Ingår i: Teknik- och vetenskapshistoriska dagar i Stockholm den 8-10 april 2008..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Få material har fått utstå så massiv kritik som plasten vinylklorid (PVC). Kännetecknande för PVC är att den innehåller stora mängder klor som traditionellt tillverkats i kvicksilverbaserade processer. Kritik har även framförts mot flera av de tillsatser som tillförs vid plastframställningen, mot utsläpp av vinylklorid och kring eventuell dioxinbildning vid tillverkning, deponering och förbränning av PVC. Trots massiv kritik under flera decenniers tid så utgör PVC fortfarande en av de stora volymplasterna. Såväl produktion som användning av PVC fortsatte att öka under slutet av 1900-talet. I Sverige har PVC framställts dels i Stockvik, dels i Stenungsund. Stockviksanläggningen var i drift mellan 1944 och 1987 och anläggningen i Stenungsund driftsattes 1969. År 1988 bedrevs Stenungsundanläggningen av Norsk Hydro Plast som det året var Sveriges mest lönsamma företag. Att en bransch som under flera decenniers tid entydigt pekats ut som en stor hälso- och miljöbov fortsätter frodas väcker givetvis frågor. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka hur den svenska PVC-branschen utvecklades under senare delen av 1900-talet. Att den massiva opinionen mot kvicksilver och PVC påverkat är uppenbart, frågan är dock i vilken grad och hur. Artikeln fokuserar speciellt på den kvicksilverbaserade klortillverkningen.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Ekheimer, Patrik, 1975
(författare)
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Nordic Home Market Protection Agreements – Normal State or Reconciliation Strategy?
- 2017
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Ingår i: 29th Congress of Nordic Historians, 15-18 August 2017, Aalborg University, Denmark.. ; , s. 26-
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the years 1918–1973 mutual home market protection agreements were common, for example in the Nordic forest industry. According to such agreements, each country abandoned or restricted the export of particular goods to each other’s country. These agreements are the focus of attention here and have been analysed through archival studies of individual companies, trade associations and the competition authorities. Within the export-intensive sectors, the export went primarily to non-Nordic countries. In those cases, the Nordic home market protection agreements had no apparent impact. However, agreements on home market protection were in several cases signed for goods that were domestic-market oriented and for goods that were exposed to import competition. Although the Nordic home market protection agreements infringed with the EFTA competition rules, many of them remained in force into the 1970s. Several new agreements were also signed during the late 1960s. When the 1973 free trade agreements between the EFTA states and European Communities entered into force, the Nordic home market protection agreements were officially abolished. The study shows that there were gentlemen's agreements on home market protection between the Swedish, Norwegian and Finnish companies until the end of the 1980s. In the business world home market protection was seen as a normal state. Meanwhile, infringements that resulted in conflicts were common. These were often dissolved by renewed or formalised home market protections agreements. In the domestic markets the result of the agreements was eliminated or reduced import competition. At the same time the agreements were seen as a precondition for broader Nordic export collaborations. The study shows that relatively minor offenses against the home market protection agreements could result in collapsing both domestic cartel collaborations and international export cartels.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Ekheimer, Patrik, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Sulfitfabriken i Oskarström
- 2012
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Ingår i: Papper och massa i Skåne, Halland, Blekinge och Gotland. - 9789163376429 ; , s. 162-171
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Ekheimer, Patrik, 1975
(författare)
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Tidningspapper av returpapper - Den svenska massa- och pappersindustrins omvandling under senare delen av 1900-talet
- 2006
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis is to analyze background factors and motives behind the investments in de-inking technology within the Swedish newsprint industry. The primary information covers special periodicals, official documents and acts from the archives of Hylte Mill. The introduc-tion of recycled paper has radically transformed the Swedish newsprint industry. Waste paper was not used at all before 1975, but today it is an important raw material. The use of recycled paper reduces the consumption of energy and resources.Three out of five Swedish newsprint mills invested in de-inking technology between 1975 and 1978. There were two crucial reasons for this development. Firstly, the fear of shortage of wood. Secondly, in 1975, Parliament made a decision of a compulsory collection system for sorted waste paper from households. However, environmental and energy issues were not of decisive importance for the development in the 1970s.In the late 1980s, Hylte Mill erected a second line for production of pulp from recycled paper. The first expansion plan was to erect a line for production of thermo-mechanical pulp instead. Due to the Tjernobyl accident the company changed their expansion plan. For a long time, recycled paper was seen as a raw material of second class. But in the late 1980s the market asked for newsprint with a mixture of recycled paper, while it was classified as more environ-mentally-friendly than wood-based paper. Furthermore, the thesis has shown how environ-mentally-friendly technology was introduced to an existing industry structure with a positive economic result.
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