| 1. |
- Lindgren Liljenstolpe, Erika, 1977-
(författare)
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Sempronia's Song : Attitudes to Women's Music-making in Ancient Rome
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study explores attitudes towards women’s music-making in ancient Rome (c. 120 BC–130 AD), as expressed in love poetry, satire, letters, historiography, biography, rhetoric and philosophy. The texts are studied from an intersectional perspective considering gender, social status, age and ethnicity to explain various attitudes. Gender-theoretical concepts of differentiation, implementation of hierarchy and master suppression techniques explain the need for controlling the Roman gender order and women’s music-making. The study demonstrates that the traditional picture of women musicians as either prostitutes or decent, musically-talented matrons needs to be nuanced, and that the attitudes were more complex than previously assumed.Some Roman authors show a positive attitude to women’s musical talents, especially love poets, but also writers of other genres, as long as it was performed on “appropriate” instruments in accordance with the social status of the woman in question. The musical skills of a woman should not override her modesty and virtue. A young woman was encouraged to display musical talents. This enhanced her beauty and attractiveness in the eyes of a husband-to-be. Older music-making women were, on the other hand, ridiculed as unrespectable. The labelling of women musicians in Rome as “non-Roman” could be another way of differentiating non-respectable from respectable women, but such identifying could also serve to evoke “exotic” attraction, or for an artist to require a certain status or a sense of belonging.The results obtained from the ancient Roman sources are further augmented by comparison with more recent periods in musical history, displaying a long tradition of rather similar attitudes as a result of patriarchal structures: in seventeenth century Italy Pope Innocent XI in an edict tried to prohibit women from playing music, since this would be injurious to proper modesty. In the twenty-first century world-leading women musicians such as Madonna and Mariah Carey are publicly scorned for their older age in relation to their music-making.In ancient Rome both women and music needed to be controlled: Music was unpredictable and could evoke unexpected feelings and temptations, whereas women held the key to pure marital breed and the Roman family line.
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| 2. |
- Frejman, Axel
(författare)
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With Gods as Neighbours : Extra-temenal activity at Greek rural sanctuaries, 700–200 BCE
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis investigates so-called extra-temenal areas at Greek rural sanctuaries 700–200 BCE. Extra-temenal areas are defined as areas located outside the temenos, which have a functional, administrative and conceptual connection to the sanctuary. The aim is to better understand the use, administration and significance of the areas and activities close to, but outside of the temenos. To facilitate this investigation a field survey project at Labraunda was devised, the Surroundings of Labraunda project, and to complement and contrast the results of this survey, all published material from the sanctuaries of Sinuri in Karia, and Nemea in Korinthia, was examined. Activities could be attested in the surroundings of all three sanctuaries, ranging from everyday household tasks such as cooking and weaving, to building activity, ceramic production, sports, and cult. Most of these activities were spatially concentrated within 500 metres of the temenos, possibly with an internal spatial organisation in which certain parts of the area were dedicated to permanent living, and others to temporary activities during the religious festivals. The activities noted appear to be focussed towards the sanctuary, i.e. they can be expected to have existed by and for the sanctuary’s needs. It can be suggested that there existed a zone around the temenos, perceived as belonging to the sanctuary, and where activities connected to the sanctuary were practised. To conceptualise the activities noted in the surroundings of rural sanctuaries, and the relationship between the extra-temenal and the temenos, the concept of commons was applied in an attempt to understand how the sanctuary could have functioned. Many parallels between ancient Greek rural sanctuaries and commons can be noted, and the sanctuaries are suggested to have functioned as ‘religious commons’, that is, places of shared interest and responsibility for the communities using them, and likewise places of social interaction and construction of identity. The commons perspective can help explain why an all-encompassing function of this type of sanctuary has been difficult to establish, as it emphasises variation rather than uniformity. Religious commons can be expected to have adapted to local conditions, leading to varying expressions of the same basic formula. The commons perspective can also help explain the resilience of rural sanctuaries, and why they had such an important role in the creation and perpetuation of identity in the ancient Greek society.
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| 3. |
- Tobin, Fredrik, 1980-
(författare)
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The Chamber Tombs of San Giovenale and the Funerary Landscapes of South Etruria
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study is the first comprehensive examination of the Etruscan chamber tombs at San Giovenale. By compiling all the published data and conducting a field survey, 290 tombs have now been documented at the site. Of these, 224 have never before been published. The primary purpose of the study is to examine three aspects of the chamber tombs: their architecture, the traces of activities connected with them, and their relationship with the landscape.By comparing the architecture of these 290 tombs to those found at other sites in south Etruria, rough dates can be assigned to them. The earliest securely dated tombs belong to the 7th century BC and the latest to the 4th century BC. The tombs provide evidence that San Giovenale was not abandoned around 500 BC, as some scholars have claimed. The architecture also provides insight into how the tombs were used. Modifications made to the tombs reveal that they were revisited and modified for new uses over several generations, which is confirmed by the already-published pottery. Ramps and stairs leading up to the top of the tombs suggest that activities took place not only inside the chamber but also outside.An analysis of the location of the tombs demonstrates that the earliest ones were positioned on topographically privileged spots such as the edges of plateaus and the tops of hillocks. From the 6th century BC onward, they are also found further down the slopes of the ravines. From as early as the 7th century BC, many different locations at the site were used for burials concurrently. Moreover, the largest tombs are not found grouped together at one location, but rather are scattered among the necropoleis. This spatial organization is likely the result of different families or groups of families each using their own location to bury their dead.
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| 4. |
- Carbon, Jan-Mathieu, et al.
(författare)
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From snout to tail : Dividing animals and reconstructing ancient Greek sacrifice
- 2024
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Ingår i: From snout to tail. - Stockholm : Svenska institutet i Athen. - 9789179160692 ; , s. 9-20
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Animal sacrifice fundamentally informed how the ancient Greeks defined themselves, their relation to the divine, and the structure of their society. Adopting an explicitly cross-disciplinary perspective, the present volume explores the practical execution and complex meaning of animal sacrifice within ancient Greek religion (c. 1000 BC–AD 200).The objective is twofold. First, to clarify in detail the use and meaning of body parts of the animal within sacrificial ritual. This involves a comprehensive study of ancient Greek terminology in texts and inscriptions, representations on pottery and reliefs, and animal bones found in sanctuaries. Second, to encourage the use and integration of the full spectrum of ancient evidence in the exploration of Greek sacrificial rituals, which is a prerequisite for understanding the complex use and meaning of Greek animal sacrifice.Twelve contributions by experts on the literary, epigraphical, iconographical, archaeological and zooarchaeological evidence for Greek animal sacrifice explore the treatment of legs, including feet and hoofs, tails, horns; heads, including tongues, brains, ears and snouts; internal organs; blood; as well as the handling of the entire body by burning it whole. Three further contributions address Hittite, Israelite and Etruscan animal sacrifice respectively, providing important contextualization for Greek ritual practices.
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| 5. |
- Ekroth, Gunnel, Professor, 1963-
(författare)
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A room of one's own? : Exploring the temenos concept as divine property
- 2024
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Ingår i: The stuff of the gods. - Stockholm : Svenska institutet i Athen. - 9789179160685 ; , s. 69-82
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Greek gods had their allotted spaces where worship took place, designated temenos, "that which has been cut off", but even if such a plot was the property of the deity and circumscribed by particular rules, it was not exclusively frequented by the divine owner. Mortal visitors may have used a temenos just as intensively as a god did, but in a different manner, and humans were also the caretakers and administrators of the god’s property. This paper explores the temenos concept from the point of view of sanctuaries as set apart from gods but mainly used by men, and how immortal and mortal practices and manifestations were to be accommodated within this space. Two points will be addressed, the marking of boundaries for temene, and notions of purity and pollution when humans visited sanctuaries to worship the gods. It will be argued that a physical demarcation of the temenos was not a divine prerequisite and that the construction of a wall was a human responsibility depending on local cultic conditions. The caretaking of a temenos as divine property required particular rules at sacrifices, since human needs and desires were not always appropriate to the gods. Of particular interest are the handling of animals, the cooking and food consumption after sacrifices, the management of human waste as well as the impact of humans staying in temene.
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| 6. |
- Ekroth, Gunnel, Professor, 1963-
(författare)
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Behind closed doors? Greek sacrificial rituals performed inside buildings in the Early Iron Age and the Archaic period : [Derrière des portes fermées ? Les rituels sacrificiels grecs perpétrés à l’intérieur d’édifices]
- 2021
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Ingår i: Around the hearth. - Berlin; Boston : Walter de Gruyter. - 9783110738278 - 9783110733662 - 9783110733761 ; , s. 12-39
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ancient Greek sacrifice can be viewed as an outdoor activity, centred on the burning on the altar of fat and bones from the sacrificial victim to create a rich, fragrant smoke, which the gods profited from by inhaling. Cakes and incense put in fire produced further pleasant smells. These actions call for the ritual taking place in the open, usually in front of the temple where most altars are located. However, altars and hearths are also found inside temples. The aim of this paper is to explore the indoor presence and use of such sacrificial installations, looking at archaeological and written evidence. What kinds of offerings were sacrificed inside temples and to what degree were they burnt? Installations for fire inside religious buildings have been the focus of discussion among scholars, in particular whether hearths in temples are to be seen as a legacy from the Early Iron Age or even Bronze Age, or as a practice corresponding to certain ritual needs in the historic period. Indoor hearths are also important for the interpretation of some early Greek buildings such as temples, hestiatoria or prytaneia. The practical implications of such installations are less well understood.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ekroth, Gunnel, Professor, 1963-
(författare)
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École de Paris : Praising or Debasing an Approach to the Study of Greek Sacrifice
- 2020
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Ingår i: Cahiers Mondes Anciens. - : OpenEdition. - 2107-0199. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The denomination "school" in academic contexts carries with it a certain ambiguity. It can evoke a stimulating and innovative environment with a positive synergy between its members, but also a self-sufficient and almost complacent academic setting mainly concerned with preserving its own worldview. From this starting point, my contribution will reflect on the impact of the Ecole de Paris within the field of Anglophone research on Greek religion and especially on animal sacrifice. Focus lies on how has the concept of a "Paris school" been handled within the study of Greek religion and what position it occupies among scholars working in this field. Four overlapping positions can be distinguished: (1) naming and using the Paris school as a theoretical approach, (2) critiques, which is also a form of interaction, (3) naming and referring in passing without an in depth engagement, and (4) studies on Greek sacrifice which do not use the term or comment on the Paris school.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Ekroth, Gunnel, Professor, 1963-
(författare)
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Rings, pits, bone and ash : Greek altars in context
- 2022
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Ingår i: Acta Archaeologica. - : Brill Academic Publishers. - 0065-101X .- 1600-0390. ; 93:1, s. 161-177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Greek altars have received ample attention in scholarship as to their appearance, construction, and location within a sanctuary, as well as their importance as the central feature for the rituals allowing communication with the gods. The immediate surroundings of altars have not been considered to the same degree. This paper explores the context of Greek altars and some of the features located here, for example, rings for fastening animals, stone-lined pits, and remains of previous sacrifices. Of particular interest is the use of the top of the altar for ritual purposes in relation to the space surrounding the altar. A study of the wider contexts of altars, as to their use and the material remains found here, may provide a better understanding of the complex ritual reality of the ancient Greeks.
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